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Related Concept Videos

Interactions Between Signaling Pathways01:19

Interactions Between Signaling Pathways

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Signaling cascades usually lack linearity. Multiple pathways interact and regulate one another, allowing cells to integrate and respond to diverse environmental stimuli.
Convergence and divergence, and cross-talk between signaling pathways
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The Notch signaling pathway is a major intracellular signaling pathway that is highly conserved over a broad spectrum of metazoan species. It stands unique from other intracellular signaling mechanisms in animals because notch protein itself acts as the receptor as well as the primary signaling molecule.
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Hedgehog Signaling Pathway02:33

Hedgehog Signaling Pathway

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The Hedgehog gene (Hh) was first discovered due to its control of the growth of disorganized, hair-like bristles phenotype in Drosophila, much like hedgehog spines. Hh plays a crucial role in the development of organs and the maintenance of homeostasis in both invertebrates and vertebrates. However, while Drosophila has only one Hh protein, mammals have multiple functional Hedgehog proteins - Sonic (Shh), Desert (Dhh), and Indian Hedgehog (Ihh). All of these homologous proteins have adapted to...
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Insulin: The Receptor and Signaling Pathways01:28

Insulin: The Receptor and Signaling Pathways

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Insulin action is mediated through a receptor tyrosine kinase, akin to the IGF-1 receptor. The number of receptors per cell varies significantly, from 40 on erythrocytes to 300,000 on adipocytes and hepatocytes. The insulin receptor consists of linked α/β subunit dimers, forming a heterotetramer glycoprotein with two extracellular α subunits and two β subunits spanning the membrane. The α subunits inhibit the inherent tyrosine kinase activity of the β subunits, but...
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IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway01:11

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Membrane lipids such as phosphatidylinositol (PI) are precursors for several membrane-bound and soluble second messengers. Specific kinases phosphorylate PI and produce phosphorylated inositol phospholipids. One such inositol phospholipids are the  phosphatidylinositol-4,5 bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2], present in the inner half of the lipid bilayer. Upon ligand binding, GPCR stimulates Gq proteins to turn on phospholipase Cꞵ. Activated phospholipase Cꞵ cleaves PI(4,5)P2 and...
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Nitric Oxide Signaling Pathway01:28

Nitric Oxide Signaling Pathway

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Nitric oxide (NO), an inorganic gas, acts as a potent second messenger in most animal and plant tissues. NO diffuses out of the cells that produce it and enters the neighboring cells to generate a downstream response. NO synthase (NOS) catalyzes NO production by the deamination of the amino acid arginine. There are three isoforms of NOS. Endothelial cells have endothelial NOS (eNOS), nerve and muscle cells have neuronal NOS (nNOS), and macrophages produce inducible NOS (iNOS) upon exposure...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 21, 2026

Myeloid Innate Signaling Pathway Regulation by MALT1 Paracaspase Activity
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Signaling Pathways in Leukemic Stem Cells.

Lindsay M Gurska1,2, Kristina Ames1,2, Kira Gritsman3,4,5

  • 1Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|July 25, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and leukemic stem cells (LSCs) share signaling pathways. This review highlights differences in these pathways, like PI3K/AKT/mTOR, WNT, NOTCH, and TGFβ, to identify LSC-specific therapeutic targets.

Keywords:
AktFOXOHematopoietic stem cellLeukemic stem cellNOTCHPI3KSignalingTGFβWNTmTORβ-Catenin

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Efficient and Cost Effective Electroporation Method to Study Primary Cilium-Dependent Signaling Pathways in the Granule Cell Precursor
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Area of Science:

  • Cellular biology
  • Molecular oncology
  • Stem cell research

Background:

  • Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and leukemic stem cells (LSCs) share common signaling pathways essential for their survival.
  • Understanding these shared pathways is crucial for developing targeted therapies against leukemia.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review key signaling pathways, including PI3K/AKT/mTOR, WNT/β-catenin, NOTCH, and TGFβ, in both HSCs and LSCs.
  • To identify differences in pathway function between HSCs and LSCs to pinpoint LSC-specific therapeutic vulnerabilities.
  • To explore potential crosstalk between signaling pathways impacting LSC function.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on signaling pathways in HSCs and LSCs.
  • Comparative analysis of pathway regulation and function in normal versus malignant stem cells.
  • Identification of therapeutic targets based on pathway dysregulation in LSCs.

Main Results:

  • The PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway is a central focus, with its regulators and effectors playing critical roles in both HSCs and LSCs.
  • Distinct roles of WNT/β-catenin, NOTCH, and TGFβ pathways in LSC maintenance and survival compared to HSCs were identified.
  • Significant crosstalk between various signaling pathways influencing LSC behavior was highlighted.

Conclusions:

  • Targeting shared signaling pathways with an emphasis on their differential roles in LSCs presents a promising strategy for leukemia therapy.
  • Understanding pathway crosstalk is essential for developing effective and specific LSC-targeting treatments.
  • Further research into these pathways could lead to novel therapeutic interventions for hematologic malignancies.