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Related Concept Videos

Drug Delivery: Overview01:16

Drug Delivery: Overview

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The selection of a drug's delivery route depends upon its physicochemical properties, including lipid or water solubility and ionization, as well as the therapeutic requirement, such as immediate or sustained effect. These routes can be divided into three primary categories: enteral, parenteral, and topical.
Enteral delivery involves administering drugs directly through swallowing, sublingual placement, or buccal application. Orally administered drugs predominantly navigate the...
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Drug Delivery: Enteral Route01:18

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The enteral drug administration involves three primary routes: oral, sublingual, and buccal. Oral ingestion is the most prevalent, safe, economical, and convenient method for drug administration. However, it has certain drawbacks, including limited absorption due to the drug's low water solubility or poor membrane permeability, possible emesis from GI mucosa irritation, destruction of drugs by digestive enzymes or low gastric pH, and irregular absorption along with food or other drugs.
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The parenteral route is a critical method of drug administration. It delivers compounds directly into the systemic circulation and bypasses the gastrointestinal tract. This approach is particularly advantageous for drugs that exhibit poor absorption or instability when administered orally.
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Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection,  and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
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Drug control governance involves the oversight and regulation of pharmaceuticals to ensure their safety and efficacy while preventing illegal drug use and trafficking. Regulatory bodies, including the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Union's European Medicines Agency (EMA), play a central role in this process. These agencies evaluate the safety and efficacy of drugs before they can be marketed. They fund clinical trials and assess the benefits and risks associated with...
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In order to produce glucose, plants need to capture sufficient light energy. Many modern plants have evolved leaves specialized for light acquisition. Leaves can be only millimeters in width or tens of meters wide, depending on the environment. Due to competition for sunlight, evolution has driven the evolution of increasingly larger leaves and taller plants, to avoid shading by their neighbors with contaminant elaboration of root architecture and mechanisms to transport water and nutrients.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 21, 2026

Modeling and Simulations of Olfactory Drug Delivery with Passive and Active Controls of Nasally Inhaled Pharmaceutical Aerosols
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Spiropyrans for light-controlled drug delivery.

Francesca Cardano1, Elisa Del Canto2, Silvia Giordani3

  • 1Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Nano Carbon Materials, via Livorno 60, 10144 Turin, Italy. silvia.giordani@dcu.ie and University of Genoa, Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, via Dodecaneso 31, 16146 Genoa, Italy.

Dalton Transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003)
|July 25, 2019
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Summary

This study introduces a photo-controllable drug delivery system using acetylsalicylic acid and a merocyanine-zinc complex. The smart platform enables ON/OFF modulation for delivering multiple active compounds via light stimuli.

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Area of Science:

  • Supramolecular chemistry
  • Medicinal chemistry
  • Materials science

Background:

  • Development of smart drug delivery systems is crucial for targeted therapy.
  • Photo-controllable systems offer precise control over drug release.
  • Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) is a widely used anti-inflammatory drug.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize a three-component supramolecular assembly for photo-controllable drug delivery.
  • To investigate the photo-induced responses of the assembly.
  • To explore the potential of this system for delivering multiple active compounds.

Main Methods:

  • Supramolecular assembly synthesis
  • Spectroscopic analysis (UV-Vis, NMR, etc.)
  • Photo-isomerization studies
  • Drug release assays

Main Results:

  • Successful formation of a ternary system comprising a spiropyran derivative, zinc(II) cation, and acetylsalicylic acid.
  • Demonstration of photo-induced ON/OFF switching behavior.
  • Evidence of controlled release of active compounds modulated by light stimuli.

Conclusions:

  • The supramolecular assembly functions as a photo-controllable drug delivery platform.
  • The system is responsive to safe and affordable stimuli (light).
  • This approach holds promise for advanced medicinal chemistry applications and multi-drug delivery.