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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 21, 2026

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How do transtibial residual limbs adjust to intermittent incremental socket volume changes?

Brian G Larsen¹, Jake B McLean¹, Katheryn J Allyn¹

¹Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.

Prosthetics and Orthotics International

|July 25, 2019

Summary

Adjusting prosthetic socket volume intermittently can help manage residual limb fluid volume. Incremental increases in socket volume helped maintain fit, while decreases led to a tighter socket for prosthesis users.

Keywords:

Prosthetic interface mechanics biomechanics biomechanics of prosthetic/orthotic devices rehabilitation rehabilitation of prostheses users

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Area of Science:

Prosthetics and Orthotics
Biomedical Engineering
Rehabilitation Science

Background:

Maintaining optimal residual limb volume is crucial for prosthesis users' comfort and function.
Current strategies for volume management often fall short, necessitating innovative solutions.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the effects of intermittent, incremental socket volume adjustments on residual limb fluid volume and limb-socket interface dynamics.
To evaluate the efficacy of a motor-driven adjustable socket system in real-world ambulation scenarios.

Main Methods:

A repeated measures design was employed with participants with transtibial limb loss.
Participants ambulated outdoors using a motor-driven adjustable socket, making small volume adjustments (approx. 0.3%) every 2 minutes via a mobile app.
Residual limb fluid volume and the distance between the socket and liner were continuously monitored throughout socket enlargement and reduction phases.

Main Results:

Incremental socket enlargement significantly increased residual limb fluid volume (p < 0.001) without significantly altering limb-socket distance (p = 0.063).
Incremental socket reduction significantly decreased both residual limb fluid volume (p < 0.001) and limb-socket distance (p < 0.001).

Conclusions:

Residual limb fluid volume fluctuations during ambulation can be compensated by incremental socket volume increases, maintaining socket fit.
Incremental socket volume reductions effectively decreased limb fluid volume but resulted in a tighter socket fit, indicating potential for discomfort.