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Updated: Jan 21, 2026

Expired CO2 Measurement in Intubated or Spontaneously Breathing Patients from the Emergency Department
Published on: January 29, 2011
Eric Libby1,2,3, Laurent Hébert-Dufresne3,4, Sayed-Rzgar Hosseini5
1Integrated Science Lab, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
Syntrophy, where microbes cooperate for survival, can emerge spontaneously without co-evolution. Randomly paired metabolisms gain new capabilities by exchanging metabolites, revealing a novel pathway for microbial adaptation.
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