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In statistics, several tools are used to interpret the data. Measures of central tendency represent the characteristics of the data, such as mean, median, and mode. Additionally, measures of variance like standard deviation and range are used to find the spread of data from the mean. Relative standing measures the distance between data locations. Commonly used measures of relative standings are percentile, z score, and quartiles.
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Data are individual items of information obtained from a population or sample. Data may be classified as qualitative (categorical), quantitative continuous, or quantitative discrete. Because it is not practical to measure the entire population in a study, researchers use samples to represent the population. A random sample is a representative group from the population chosen by using a method that gives each individual in the population an equal chance of being included in the sample. Random...
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Scientists always try their best to record measurements with the utmost accuracy and precision. However, sometimes errors do occur. These errors can be random or systematic. Random errors are observed due to the inconsistency or fluctuation in the measurement process, or variations in the quantity itself that is being measured. Such errors fluctuate from being greater than or less than the true value in repeated measurements. Consider a scientist measuring the length of an earthworm using a...
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The atomic mass of an element varies due to the relative ratio of its isotopes. A sample's relative proportion of oxygen isotopes influences its average atomic mass. For instance, if we were to measure the atomic mass of oxygen from a sample, the mass would be a weighted average of the isotopic masses of oxygen in that sample. Since a single sample is not likely to perfectly reflect the true atomic mass of oxygen for all the molecules of oxygen on Earth, the mass we obtain from this...
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Disutility associated with cancer screening programs: A systematic review.

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Cancer screening programs cause minimal disutility during screening but low to moderate disutility during diagnostic workup and treatment. Estimated harms often exceed measured ones, highlighting the need for quality assessment in utility studies.

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Area of Science:

  • Health Economics
  • Public Health
  • Decision Analysis

Background:

  • Disutility quantifies population-valued harms from health interventions, crucial for assessing cancer screening benefits versus harms.
  • Understanding disutility in cancer screening is vital for optimizing program design and resource allocation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review and evaluate disutility associated with cancer screening programs using a utility theory framework.
  • To synthesize evidence on disutility across different cancer types and screening phases.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature search across multiple databases (Embase, Medline, Web of Science, Cochrane, Google Scholar).
  • Categorization of disutilities into screening, diagnostic workup, and treatment phases for breast, cervical, lung, colorectal, and prostate cancers.
  • Quality assessment of included studies based on relevance, risk of bias, measurement appropriateness, and timeframe.

Main Results:

  • 38 studies were included, with 27 measuring disutilities. Approximately 70% of studies were of medium to high quality.
  • Measured disutilities were low in the screening phase (0-0.03) and low to moderate in diagnostic workup (0-0.26) and treatment (0.09-0.27) phases.
  • Limited data exists for lung cancer screening disutilities, and estimated values often exceeded measured ones, particularly in lower-quality studies.

Conclusions:

  • Cancer screening programs generally result in low disutility during the screening phase.
  • Disutility increases to low-moderate levels during diagnostic workup and treatment, varying by measurement method and study quality.
  • Estimated disutility values may overestimate actual harms, emphasizing the importance of robust measurement and quality appraisal in utility research for cancer screening.