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Related Concept Videos

Seizures: Classification01:13

Seizures: Classification

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Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:
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Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview01:24

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

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Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...
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Neonatal Seizures-Are We there Yet?

Georgia Ramantani1, Bernhard Schmitt1, Barbara Plecko1,2

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Neonatal seizures, a key sign of infant brain dysfunction, present diagnostic challenges. Advances in EEG and MRI aid early detection and classification, shifting focus from mortality to morbidity in premature infants.

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Area of Science:

  • Neonatology
  • Neurology
  • Pediatrics

Background:

  • Neonatal seizures are the primary indicator of neurological dysfunction in newborns.
  • Improved neonatal care has increased survival rates, shifting focus from mortality to morbidity.
  • Recognizing seizures is difficult due to varied presentations and frequent subclinical occurrences.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in the etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of neonatal seizures.
  • To highlight challenges and areas for future research in managing neonatal seizures.
  • To discuss the evolving classification of neonatal seizures for improved therapeutic and prognostic decisions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on neonatal seizure diagnosis and management.
  • Discussion of conventional electroencephalography (EEG) and amplitude-integrated EEG (aEEG) monitoring.
  • Emphasis on the role of neuroimaging, particularly magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and genetic/metabolic screening.

Main Results:

  • While hypoxic-ischemic events, stroke, hemorrhage, and infection are common causes, 15% require advanced diagnostic workup.
  • Continuous EEG monitoring and MRI are crucial for early recognition and etiological identification.
  • Recent developments necessitate a renewed focus on classifying neonatal seizures.

Conclusions:

  • Early recognition and intervention are critical for improving outcomes in neonatal seizures.
  • Integrated diagnostic approaches combining EEG, MRI, and genetic/metabolic screening are essential.
  • Further research is needed to refine classification and treatment strategies for neonatal seizures.