Prison cell spatial density and infectious and communicable diseases: a systematic review

Area of Science:

• Public Health
• Epidemiology
• Criminology

Background:

• Prison crowding, defined as spatial density, is a significant concern in correctional facilities.
• Infectious and communicable diseases pose a substantial risk to incarcerated populations.
• Understanding the link between crowding and disease transmission is crucial for public health interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

• To systematically review the evidence on the association between prison cell spatial density and infectious disease transmission.
• To assess the quality and extent of existing research on this topic.

Main Methods:

• A comprehensive systematic review was conducted, searching multiple databases up to December 2018.
• Studies meeting eligibility criteria reported on spatial density and infectious diseases in adult and juvenile correctional facilities.
• Data extraction and quality appraisal were performed by two independent reviewers using NHMRC guidelines.

Main Results:

• Seven studies were included, with research from Pakistan, Chile, Nigeria, and the USA.
• Infectious disease outcomes included pneumococcal disease, tuberculosis, skin infections, and general contagious diseases.
• Five studies reported significant positive associations, but potential confounding factors limit definitive conclusions. Heterogeneity precluded meta-analysis.

Conclusions:

• The evidence suggests a potential association between prison spatial density and infectious disease transmission.
• Findings should be interpreted with caution due to limitations in study quality and potential biases.
• Future research and policy should investigate mediating factors influencing this relationship.