[Recent progress in autoimmune encephalitis and its related disorders].

Area of Science:

• Neurology
• Immunology
• Neuroscience

Background:

• The discovery of autoantibodies targeting neuronal cell surface antigens has revolutionized the understanding of encephalitis.
• A syndrome-based diagnostic approach for autoimmune encephalitis was introduced in 2016.
• These autoantibodies are implicated in various neurological disorders beyond encephalitis.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review recent advancements in autoimmune encephalitis and related disorders.
• To emphasize the importance of early diagnosis and immunotherapy in clinical practice.
• To highlight challenges and progress in Japan regarding autoimmune encephalitis.

Main Methods:

• Review of recent literature on autoimmune encephalitis.
• Focus on clinical practice, including Hashimoto encephalopathy and NORSE.
• Discussion of diagnostic challenges and therapeutic strategies.

Main Results:

• Autoimmune encephalitis is increasingly recognized, associated with diverse neurological conditions.
• Early immunotherapy based on clinical presentation is vital.
• Diagnostic and treatment protocols are evolving, particularly in Japan.

Conclusions:

• A paradigm shift in diagnosing and managing autoimmune encephalitis is underway.
• Clinical assessment and conventional tests are key for timely immunotherapy.
• Further research and improved accessibility to diagnostic tests are needed in Japan.