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Updated: Jan 21, 2026

Using Immunofluorescence to Detect PM2.5-induced DNA Damage in Zebrafish Embryo Hearts
Published on: February 15, 2021
Review: immunoassays in DNA damage and instability detection
Karolina Boguszewska1, Michał Szewczuk2, Sandra Urbaniak2
1DNA Damage Laboratory of Food Science Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Muszynskiego 1, 90-151, Lodz, Poland. karolina.boguszewska@stud.umed.lodz.pl.
Abstract:
The review includes information on the current state of knowledge of immunometric methods with emphasis on the possibility of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage detection. Beginning with basic immunoassay enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), this review describes methods such as tyramide signal amplification (TSA), enhanced polymer one-step staining (EPOS), and time resolved amplified cryptate emission (TRACE) as improvements of ELISA's developed over time to obtain more accurate results. In the second part of the review, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and quantum dots (QDs) are presented as the newest outlooks in the context of immunoanalysis of biological material and molecular studies. The aim of this review is to briefly present immunoassays with emphasis on DNA damage detection; therefore, the types of methods are listed and described, types of signal indicators, basic definitions such as antigen and antibody are given. Every method is considered with an exemplary application focusing on DNA studies, DNA damage and instability detection.
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