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Related Concept Videos

Endocrine Signaling01:45

Endocrine Signaling

67.9K
Endocrine cells produce hormones to communicate with remote target cells found in other organs. The hormone reaches these distant areas using the circulatory system. This exposes the whole organism to the hormone but only those cells expressing hormone receptors or target cells are affected. Thus, endocrine signaling induces slow responses from its target cells but these effects also last longer.
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What is the Endocrine System?00:46

What is the Endocrine System?

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The endocrine system sends hormones—chemical signals—through the bloodstream to target cells—the cells the hormones selectively affect. These signals are produced in endocrine cells, secreted into the extracellular fluid, and then diffuse into the blood. Eventually, they diffuse out of the blood and bind to target cells which have specialized receptors to recognize the hormones.
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The Endocrine System01:29

The Endocrine System

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The endocrine system is an extensive network of glands – organs or tissues in the body that create chemicals that control many bodily functions, that secrete hormones, which are chemical messengers that play essential roles in regulating various bodily functions. These hormones are secreted into the bloodstream and travel throughout the body. They require specific receptors to convey signals to cells possessing these corresponding receptors. This complex signaling mechanism ensures that...
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An Overview of the Endocrine System01:10

An Overview of the Endocrine System

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The endocrine system, a complex network of glands, orchestrates physiological balance within the body through the production and secretion of hormones. These hormones are chemical messengers in intercellular communication, acting as conduits between the secretory cells and distant target sites. They traverse the circulatory system by being released into the extracellular fluid, and their impact is specific to cells possessing receptors for a particular hormone.
The endocrine system collaborates...
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Structures of the Endocrine System00:59

Structures of the Endocrine System

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The intricate framework of the endocrine system encompasses a diverse array of glands, with their target tissues and organs strategically distributed throughout the body. Central to this network are the endocrine glands, specialized structures that lack ducts and release hormones directly into the interstitial fluid. Notably, the hypothalamus, a vital neuroendocrine organ situated in the brain, governs neural functions and serves as a potent source of hormonal regulation. Near the hypothalamus...
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Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression02:35

Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression

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Chromatin is the massive complex of DNA and proteins packaged inside the nucleus. The complexity of chromatin folding and how it is packaged inside the nucleus greatly influences  access to genetic information. Generally, the nucleus' periphery is considered transcriptionally repressive, while the cell's interior is considered a transcriptionally active area. 
Topologically Associated Domains (TADs)
The 3-dimensional positioning of chromatin in the nucleus influences the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 21, 2026

Y-90 Radioembolization and PD-1 Inhibitor as Neoadjuvant Treatment in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
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Neoadjuvant Endocrine Therapy Versus Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Node-Positive Invasive Lobular Carcinoma.

M J Thornton1, H V Williamson2, K E Westbrook2,3

  • 1Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.

Annals of Surgical Oncology
|July 26, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Neoadjuvant endocrine therapy (NET) and neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) showed similar overall survival for node-positive invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC). Further research is needed for optimal treatment sequencing in ILC.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Breast Cancer Research
  • Clinical Trials

Background:

  • Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) is standard for node-positive invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC), but its benefit in hormone receptor-positive (HR+) patients is unclear.
  • Hormone receptor-positive (HR+) breast cancers often respond well to endocrine therapy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare overall survival (OS) between node-positive HR+ ILC patients receiving neoadjuvant endocrine therapy (NET) versus NACT.
  • To evaluate the efficacy of NET compared to NACT in a large patient cohort.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of the National Cancer Data Base (2004-2014) for women with node-positive HR+ ILC.
  • Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox proportional hazards modeling were used to compare overall survival (OS).

Main Results:

  • Patients receiving NET were older, had more comorbidities, and smaller tumors compared to NACT recipients.
  • Unadjusted analysis showed higher OS with NACT, but adjusted analysis revealed no significant difference in OS between NET and NACT groups (p=0.10).

Conclusions:

  • Despite baseline differences, adjusted overall survival was similar for node-positive ILC patients treated with NET or NACT.
  • Further histology-specific research is required to determine the optimal role and sequencing of endocrine therapy and chemotherapy in ILC treatment.