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Related Concept Videos

Sound Intensity00:58

Sound Intensity

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The loudness of a sound source is related to how energetically the source is vibrating, consequently making the molecules of the propagation medium vibrate. To measure the loudness of a source, the physical quantity of interest is the intensity. This is defined as the energy emitted per unit of time per unit of area perpendicular to the sound wave's propagation direction. Since the total energy is greater if the source vibrates for a longer duration and over a larger area, dividing the...
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Humans perceive sound by hearing. The human ear helps sound waves reach the brain, which then interprets the waves and creates the perception of hearing. The loudness of the environment in which a person is located determines whether they can distinguish between different sound sources.
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The energy transport per unit area per unit time, or the Poynting vector, gives the energy flux of an electromagnetic wave at any specific time. For a plane electromagnetic wave with E0 and B0 as the peak electric and magnetic fields and traveling along the x-axis, the time-varying energy flux can be given by the following equation:
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Related Experiment Video

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Spatial Temporal Analysis of Fieldwise Flow in Microvasculature
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Evaluation of Temporal Aggregation Processes Using Spatial Intensity Distribution Analysis.

Zahra Rattray1, Egor Zindy2, Kara M Buzza3

  • 1Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|July 26, 2019
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a novel imaging analysis method to track small protein aggregates, crucial for understanding neurodegenerative diseases and biopharmaceutical development. The technique effectively monitors protein oligomerization and loss of monomers in real-time.

Keywords:
Image analysisLight scatteringMicroscopyMonomer lossProtein aggregationSpIDA

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
  • Neuroscience
  • Biopharmaceutical Characterization

Background:

  • Small protein oligomers are precursors to larger aggregates implicated in neurodegenerative diseases and biopharmaceutical instability.
  • Conventional methods struggle to differentiate between monomers, dimers, and oligomers in mixed populations.
  • In situ monitoring of early aggregation events is critical for mechanistic understanding.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a methodology for monitoring in situ protein oligomerization and aggregation.
  • To enable the detection and quantification of oligomeric species distinct from larger aggregates.
  • To provide a tool for analyzing early-stage protein aggregation dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Confocal time-series image acquisition to monitor the loss of monomers.
  • Development of an image analysis pipeline utilizing spatial intensity distribution analysis (SpIDA).
  • SpIDA application for evaluating oligomer content in real-time.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated the ability to monitor the dynamic loss of monomers during aggregation.
  • Successfully differentiated and quantified oligomeric species using SpIDA.
  • Provided a method to analyze samples with mixed populations of monomers, dimers, and oligomers.

Conclusions:

  • Confocal imaging combined with SpIDA offers a powerful approach for studying protein aggregation.
  • This method provides mechanistic insights into early aggregation processes relevant to disease and biologics.
  • The technique overcomes limitations of conventional kinetic approaches in resolving small oligomeric species.