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Related Concept Videos

Drug Absorption: Factors Affecting GI Absorption01:19

Drug Absorption: Factors Affecting GI Absorption

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The process of oral drug absorption can be influenced by several factors. Weakly acidic drugs tend to be absorbed more readily from the stomach due to their nonionized state. However, absorption may be less efficient in the upper intestine, where drugs are often ionized. Interestingly, despite the stomach's apparent advantage for drug absorption, its mucous layer can hinder diffusion. Its surface area is also smaller than the intestine's, which can further slow down the absorption rate.
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Carbohydrate Absorption01:25

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Carbohydrates are essential macronutrients that serve as the body's primary energy source. Their digestion begins in the mouth, where salivary amylase partially breaks down complex carbohydrates such as starch into smaller oligosaccharides. This mechanical and enzymatic activity prepares carbohydrates for further processing in the gastrointestinal tract.
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Absorption of Nutrients01:19

Absorption of Nutrients

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Absorption refers to taking dietary nutrients from the intestinal lumen for transportation throughout the body. After digestion in the small intestine, carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are broken down into simpler forms. These essential macronutrients and other vital substances, such as vitamins, minerals, and water, are then prepared for absorption into the bloodstream.
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Tandem Mass Spectrometry01:21

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Tandem mass spectrometry is a technique that uses multiple mass analyzers in series to obtain a higher selectivity and reduce chemical noise during analyte detection. Instruments with multiple analyzers separated by an interaction cell enable secondary fragmentation and selected study of the fragment ions.Secondary fragmentations occur in the interaction cell and can be induced by various factors. Fragmentation induced by collision with inert gases, such as N2, Ar, He, etc., is called...
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Proteins in the gastrointestinal tract typically come from food, but they can also originate from disintegrated cells or secreted enzymes. In the stomach, the enzyme pepsin breaks down these proteins into polypeptides. The fragments then move into the duodenum as a semi-fluid mass called chyme. Pancreatic proteases, such as trypsin and chymotrypsin, and intestinal brush border enzymes like carboxypeptidases further dismantle the polypeptides into tripeptides, dipeptides, and free amino acids.
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Lipid Absorption01:24

Lipid Absorption

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Dietary triglycerides from chyme in the duodenum are mixed with bile salts produced by the liver to emulsify fats. As a result, large droplets are broken down into smaller ones, increasing the surface area for enzymatic action. Once emulsified, pancreatic lipases hydrolyze the triglycerides into free fatty acids and monoglycerides.
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Updated: Jan 21, 2026

Ambient Method for the Production of an Ionically Gated Carbon Nanotube Common Cathode in Tandem Organic Solar Cells
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Highly Efficient Semitransparent Solar Cells with Selective Absorption and Tandem Architecture.

Lijian Zuo1, Xueliang Shi1, Weifei Fu1

  • 1Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|July 26, 2019
PubMed
Summary

High-performance semitransparent solar cells achieve excellent efficiency and transparency by selectively absorbing UV and near-infrared light. This breakthrough design offers a promising path toward efficient solar windows.

Keywords:
energy losshigh transmittancenonfullerene acceptorssolar windowsultrahigh-bandgap perovskites

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Renewable Energy
  • Optoelectronics

Background:

  • Semitransparent photovoltaics (ST-PVs) are crucial for high-efficiency solar windows, requiring selective light absorption and minimal energy loss.
  • Existing ST-PV technologies face challenges in balancing power conversion efficiency (PCE) and average transmittance (AVT).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a high-performance tandem ST-PV with selective absorption in the UV and near-infrared (NIR) regions.
  • To optimize energy loss reduction and enhance the balance between PCE and AVT for solar window applications.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of an ultralarge-bandgap perovskite film (FAPbBr2.43 Cl0.57) for UV absorption.
  • Development of a low-bandgap organic bulk-heterojunction layer for NIR absorption.
  • Integration of these components into a tandem ST-PV architecture.

Main Results:

  • The UV-absorbing perovskite single-junction ST-PV achieved ≈7.5% efficiency and ≈68% AVT.
  • The NIR-absorbing organic ST-PV achieved 5.9% PCE and 62% AVT.
  • The tandem ST-PV demonstrated a high PCE of 10.7% and 52.91% AVT, with 5.66% light utilization efficiency.

Conclusions:

  • The developed tandem ST-PV achieves the best reported balance of AVT and PCE for solar window applications.
  • This design represents a significant advancement, paving the way for high-performance solar windows.