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Strain and Elastic Modulus01:15

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The quantity that describes the deformation of a body under stress is known as strain. Strain is given as a fractional change in either length, volume, or geometry under tensile, volume (also known as bulk), or shear stress, respectively, and is a dimensionless quantity. The strain experienced by a body under tensile or compressive stress is called tensile or compressive strain, respectively. In contrast, the strain experienced under bulk stress and shear stress is known as volume and shear...
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Deformation occurs in axial and transverse directions when an axial load is applied to a slender bar. This deformation impacts the cubic element within the bar, transforming it into either a rectangular parallelepiped or a rhombus, contingent on its orientation. This transformation process induces shearing strain. Axial loading elicits both shearing and normal strains. Applying an axial load instigates equal normal and shearing stresses on elements oriented at a 45° angle to the load axis.
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Reflection of Waves01:07

Reflection of Waves

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When a wave travels from one medium to another, it gets reflected at the boundary of the second medium. A common example of this is when a person yells at a distance from a cliff and hears the echo of their voice. The sound waves (longitudinal waves) traveling in the air are reflected from the bounding cliff. Similarly, flipping one end of a string whose other end is tied to a wall causes a pulse (transverse wave) to travel through the string, which gets reflected upon reaching the wall. In...
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The dynamic modulus of elasticity assesses how a concrete structure deforms under impact or dynamic loads. It is typically higher than the static modulus of elasticity, measured under slow, steady loading conditions.
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A wave propagates through a medium with a constant speed, known as a wave velocity. It is different from the speed of the particles of the medium, which is not constant. In addition, the velocity of the medium is perpendicular to the velocity of the wave. The variable speed of the particles of the medium implies that there must be acceleration associated with it. 
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As discussed in previous lessons, strain energy in a material is the energy stored when it is elastically deformed, a concept crucial in materials science and mechanical engineering. This energy results from the internal work done against the cohesive forces within the material. When a material undergoes shearing stress and corresponding shearing strain, the strain energy density, which is the energy stored per unit volume, is calculated. Within the elastic limit, where the stress is...
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Does group velocity always reflect elastic modulus in shear wave elastography?

Ivan Pelivanov1, Liang Gao1, John Pitre1

  • 1Univ. of Washington, United States.

Journal of Biomedical Optics
|July 26, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Optical coherence elastography (OCE) can image tissue elasticity, but using group velocity in bounded materials like the eye leads to inaccurate results. New methods are needed for precise shear modulus imaging in layered tissues.

Keywords:
dynamic elastographygroup velocityoptical coherence elastographyoptical coherence tomographyshear modulustissue elasticity

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Optics
  • Tissue Biomechanics
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Dynamic elastography assesses tissue biomechanical properties.
  • Optical coherence elastography (OCE) extends this to 3D imaging of mechanical waves in soft tissues.
  • Current methods often assume bulk shear waves for elasticity reconstruction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the accuracy of elasticity reconstruction in bounded media using OCE.
  • To investigate the impact of layered structures on shear modulus imaging.
  • To highlight limitations of current group velocity-based methods in OCE.

Main Methods:

  • Simulated and experimental OCE measurements in layered media.
  • Comparison of elasticity reconstructions using bulk shear wave assumptions versus more appropriate models.
  • Analysis of shear modulus underestimation and image artifacts.

Main Results:

  • The bulk shear wave assumption in layered media leads to significantly underestimated shear modulus values.
  • Structural artifacts are introduced in elasticity modulus images due to this assumption.
  • Group velocity alone is insufficient for accurate elasticity reconstruction in bounded tissues.

Conclusions:

  • Caution is advised when using group velocity for tissue elasticity evaluation in OCE.
  • Robust reconstruction methods are essential for accurate shear elastic modulus imaging in bounded media.
  • Future OCE research should focus on advanced reconstruction techniques for layered tissues.