Marijuana Use in Pregnancy: A Review

Area of Science:

• Obstetrics and Gynecology
• Neonatal Health
• Pharmacology

Background:

• Marijuana is frequently used during pregnancy, with delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) crossing the placenta.
• Cannabinoid receptors are present in fetal brain and placenta, suggesting potential developmental impacts.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review existing literature on marijuana use during pregnancy and lactation.
• To summarize current recommendations for pregnant and breastfeeding individuals.

Main Methods:

• A comprehensive PubMed literature search was conducted.
• Keywords included "cannabis," "marijuana," "pregnancy," "lactation," and "fetal outcomes."

Main Results:

• Studies suggest marijuana exposure may lead to fetal growth restriction and adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes.
• Much existing research is outdated, uses lower THC levels, and is limited by observational designs, self-reporting, and confounding factors.
• Current evidence is insufficient to establish a causal link specific to marijuana.

Conclusions:

• There is a significant need for research using current THC doses to understand marijuana's effects during pregnancy.
• Further research will enable better patient education and antenatal surveillance to mitigate risks.