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Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
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The therapy for diabetes aims to alleviate hyperglycemia-related symptoms, prevent acute metabolic decompensation, and reduce chronic end-organ complications. Glycemic control is evaluated through short-term (self-monitoring, continuous glucose monitoring) and long-term (A1c, fructosamine) metrics, enabling near real-time tracking of blood glucose levels and reflecting glycemic control over specific time frames.
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Chronic stress has been linked to both the onset and progression of serious health conditions, including Type 2 diabetes and cancer. Type 2 diabetes, a widespread chronic illness, is closely associated with obesity and insulin resistance, both of which often worsen under stress. Studies indicate that men experiencing high levels of chronic stress face a 45% higher risk of developing diabetes compared to those with minimal stress. Stress triggers physiological responses that elevate blood...
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For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is...
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A Zebrafish Model of Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Memory
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Gestational Diabetes Mellitus.

Emily D Szmuilowicz1, Jami L Josefson2, Boyd E Metzger3

  • 1Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 645 North Michigan Avenue, 530-24, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.

Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America
|July 27, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Detecting and treating gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in pregnant women is crucial for reducing adverse perinatal outcomes. However, the long-term effects of GDM treatment on offspring require further investigation.

Keywords:
DiagnosisGestational diabetes mellitusOffspringOutcomesPregnancyTreatment

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Area of Science:

  • Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • Endocrinology
  • Perinatal Medicine

Background:

  • Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) diagnosis indicates a high risk for type 2 diabetes in women.
  • The clinical value of GDM detection and treatment remains debated.
  • While perinatal benefits of GDM treatment are evidenced, long-term offspring outcomes are undetermined.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evidence on the impact of GDM treatment on perinatal and long-term offspring outcomes.
  • To discuss the current therapeutic approaches for GDM management.

Main Methods:

  • Review of two randomized trials on GDM treatment.
  • Analysis of pharmacologic treatment options, including insulin and oral agents.

Main Results:

  • Treatment of GDM is strongly supported by evidence for reducing adverse perinatal outcomes.
  • Data on the long-term effects of GDM treatment on offspring are limited.
  • Insulin is the primary pharmacologic treatment, while oral agent use is controversial due to data gaps.

Conclusions:

  • GDM treatment effectively improves perinatal outcomes.
  • Further research is essential to ascertain the long-term impact of GDM interventions on offspring health.
  • The use of oral agents in GDM management warrants cautious consideration pending further evidence.