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States of Matter and Phase Changes00:59

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The internal energy of a substance—the total kinetic energy of all its molecules and the potential energy of their associated forces—depends on the strength of the intermolecular forces in the condensed phases and the pressure exerted on the substance. The internal energy of a substance is the highest in the gaseous state, the lowest in the solid state, and intermediate in the liquid state. Phase transitions are caused by changes in physical conditions, such as temperature and...
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Phase-Contrast Microscopes
In-phase-contrast microscopes, interference between light directly passing through a cell and light refracted by cellular components is used to create high-contrast, high-resolution images without staining. It is the oldest and simplest type of microscope that creates an image by altering the wavelengths of light rays passing through the specimen. Altered wavelength paths are created using an annular stop in the condenser. The annular stop produces a hollow cone of...
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Classifying Matter by State02:49

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Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes. Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. Matter is all around us; the air, water, soil, mountains, even our bodies are all examples of matter. Matter is divided into three states — solid, liquid, and gas — that are commonly found on earth. The fourth state of matter, plasma, occurs naturally in the interiors of stars. 
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Classifying Matter by Composition03:35

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Matter: Pure Substances and Mixtures
According to its composition, the matter can be classified into two broad categories — pure substances and mixtures. 
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According to Charles Cooley, we base our image on what we think other people see (Cooley 1902). We imagine how we must appear to others, then react to this speculation. We don certain clothes, prepare our hair in a particular manner, wear makeup, use cologne, and the like—all with the notion that our presentation of ourselves is going to affect how others perceive us. We expect a certain reaction, and, if lucky, we get the one we desire and feel good about it. But more than that, Cooley...
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The characteristics that enable us to distinguish one substance from another are called properties.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 21, 2026

A Versatile Murine Model of Subcortical White Matter Stroke for the Study of Axonal Degeneration and White Matter Neurobiology
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A Versatile Murine Model of Subcortical White Matter Stroke for the Study of Axonal Degeneration and White Matter Neurobiology

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Evaluating Tissue Contrast and Detecting White Matter Injury in the Infant Brain: A Comparison Study of Synthetic

D Y Kim1, W S Jung1, J W Choi1

  • 1From the Department of Radiology (D.Y.K., W.S.J., J.W.C., H.G.K.).

AJNR. American Journal of Neuroradiology
|July 27, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Synthetic phase-sensitive inversion recovery (sPSIR) enhances infant brain MRI image quality and tissue contrast. However, it may underestimate punctate white matter injuries compared to traditional methods.

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Imaging
  • Neuroimaging
  • Pediatric Radiology

Background:

  • Synthetic MR imaging allows for phase-sensitive inversion recovery (PSIR) image acquisition.
  • Evaluating image quality of PSIR sequences in infant brain MRI is crucial for diagnostic accuracy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the image quality of synthetic PSIR with other standard sequences in infant brain MRI.
  • To assess the efficacy of synthetic PSIR in visualizing white matter and gray matter differentiation and myelination.

Main Methods:

  • 91 infants underwent brain MRI using 3D T1-weighted fast-spoiled gradient recalled (FSPGR), synthetic T1WI, and synthetic PSIR sequences.
  • Quantitative analysis of contrast between unmyelinated white matter (WM), myelinated WM, and cortical gray matter (GM).
  • Qualitative assessment of image quality, myelination, and comparison of punctate white matter injury detection.

Main Results:

  • Synthetic PSIR demonstrated significantly higher contrast between unmyelinated and myelinated WM (P < .001).
  • Superior gray-white matter differentiation and cerebellar peduncle myelination were observed with synthetic PSIR compared to synthetic T1WI (P < .001).
  • Synthetic PSIR detected fewer punctate white matter injuries than FSPGR (1.2 ± 3.2 vs 3.4 ± 3.6, P = .001).

Conclusions:

  • Synthetic PSIR holds potential for improving tissue contrast and image quality in infant brain MRI.
  • Synthetic PSIR's value in assessing punctate white matter injuries is limited compared to 3D FSPGR imaging.