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Feedback Inhibition00:46

Feedback Inhibition

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Biochemical reactions are occurring constantly in cells, converting starting substances to different products, usually with the help of enzymes that speed the reactions. Without enzymes, it would take far too long for most reactions to occur to be useful to the cell!
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Many common substances around us exist as a solution, such as ocean water, air, and gasoline. All solutions are mixtures of substances that are composed of varying amounts of two or more types of atoms or molecules. A mixture with a non-uniform composition is a heterogeneous mixture, whereas a mixture with a uniform composition is a homogeneous mixture. The components that make the homogeneous mixture are evenly spread out and thoroughly mixed. 
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Solution Formation02:16

Solution Formation

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There is no one solvent that can dissolve every type of solute. Some substances that readily dissolve in a certain solvent might be insoluble in a different solvent. A simple way to predict which substances dissolve in which solvent is the phrase "like dissolves like". This means that polar substances, such as salt and sugar, dissolve in a polar substance like water. In contrast, non-polar substances are more soluble in non-polar solvents such as carbon tetrachloride.
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Feedback in control systems plays a critical role in shaping various operational parameters, extending beyond simple error reduction to influence stability, bandwidth, gain, impedance, and sensitivity. Understanding these effects requires examining a basic feedback system characterized by defined input, output, error, and feedback signals.
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Feedback control systems are categorized in various ways based on their design, analysis, and signal types.
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Microscopic Visualization of Porous Nanographenes Synthesized through a Combination of Solution and On-Surface Chemistry
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Solution-processed nanographene distributed feedback lasers.

Víctor Bonal1, Rafael Muñoz-Mármol1, Fernando Gordillo Gámez2

  • 1Departamento Física Aplicada and Instituto Universitario de Materiales de Alicante, Universidad de Alicante, 03080, Alicante, Spain.

Nature Communications
|July 27, 2019
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed nanographene-based lasers using a bottom-up chemical synthesis approach. These flexible, low-cost lasers offer tunable emission across the visible and near-infrared spectrum with exceptional lifetimes.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Organic Electronics
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Chemical synthesis of nanographenes enables bottom-up graphene fabrication.
  • Nanographenes offer tunable semiconducting and luminescence properties for advanced applications.
  • Exploiting nanographenes for light-emitting devices is an active area of research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report the development of nanographene-based lasers.
  • To demonstrate the feasibility of solution-processed, low-cost, and flexible laser devices.
  • To characterize the performance of these novel nanographene lasers.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized three zigzag-edged polycyclic aromatics as active nanographene materials.
  • Fabricated devices using a passive polymer film hosting nanographenes and a top-layer polymeric distributed feedback resonator.
  • Employed solution processing for both the active material and the laser resonator.

Main Results:

  • Achieved narrow linewidth (<0.13 nm) emission across visible and near-infrared spectral regions.
  • Demonstrated outstandingly long operational lifetimes exceeding 10^5 pump pulses.
  • Observed very low lasing thresholds, indicating high efficiency.

Conclusions:

  • Nanographene-based lasers represent a significant advancement in graphene technology.
  • Solution processing enables low-cost and mechanically flexible laser devices.
  • These findings broaden the versatility of graphene in light-emitting applications, particularly lasers.