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Updated: Jan 21, 2026

Three-Dimensional Shape Modeling and Analysis of Brain Structures
Published on: November 14, 2019
Multiphase progenetic development shaped the brain of flying archosaurs
Vincent Beyrand1,2, Dennis F A E Voeten3,4, Stanislav Bureš2
1European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS-40220, 38043, Grenoble, France.
This study reveals that bird brain evolution involved progressive encephalization and endocranial doming, driven by developmental changes. These brain enhancements were crucial for flight adaptation in early avian lineages.
Area of Science:
- Paleontology
- Evolutionary Biology
- Comparative Neuroanatomy
Background:
- Virtual cranial endocasts of extinct and extant vertebrates are increasingly available.
- Endocranial characters are sought to differentiate phylogenetic groups and understand neural significance.
Purpose of the Study:
- To compare archosaurian endocasts across avian evolutionary history.
- To investigate the evolution of encephalization and endocranial doming in birds.
Main Methods:
- Geometric morphometrics applied to a comprehensive dataset of archosaurian endocasts.
- Analysis of endocranial shape changes throughout avian deep evolutionary history.
Main Results:
- Avian lineage shows progressive encephalization and endocranial doming, linked to progenetic developments.
- Elevated encephalization in Maniraptoriformes was exapted for flight by stem avialans.
- Endocranial doming increased in Mesozoic Avialae, with significant brain shape radiation in Neoaves and Palaeognathae.
Conclusions:
- Progenetic development drove increased encephalization and endocranial doming in avian evolution.
- Brain evolution played a key role in flight adaptation and niche diversification.
- Comparable brain shape developments are inferred for pterosaurs.
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