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Updated: Jan 21, 2026

Assessing Mineral Availability in Fish Feeds using Complementary Methods Demonstrated with the Example of Zinc in Atlantic Salmon
Published on: October 29, 2021
Risk assessment for mycotoxin contamination in fish feeds in Europe
1Institute of Natural Resource Sciences (IUNR), Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), Grüental, P.O. Box, 8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland. constanze.pietsch@zhaw.ch.
Abstract:
Mycotoxins are difficult to monitor continuously, and a tool to assess the risk would help to judge if there is a particular risk due to the inclusion of certain feed ingredients. For this, the toxin contents of 97 commercial fish feeds have been estimated, and the most prominent toxins in fish feed are calculated to be deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, fumonisins and enniatins. These pose a risk to fish well-being, as can be calculated by the Bayesian models for determining the critical concentrations 5% (CC5) for the different toxins. Besides fishmeal, wheat, soybean products and corn are regularly used as fish feed ingredients. The calculated scenarios show that fish are at high risk of toxin contamination if feed ingredients of low quality are chosen for feed production. Due to this, specific maximum allowable levels for several mycotoxins in fish feeds should be established.
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