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Updated: Jan 21, 2026

Reduction of Iatrogenic Atrial Septal Defects with an Anterior and Inferior Transseptal Puncture Site when Operating the Cryoballoon Ablation Catheter
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Reduction of Iatrogenic Atrial Septal Defects with an Anterior and Inferior Transseptal Puncture Site when Operating the Cryoballoon Ablation Catheter

Published on: June 15, 2015

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A review of isolated muscular ventricular septal defect

Toshiharu Miyake1

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, Kindai University Nara Hospital, 1248-1, Otoda, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0293, Japan. toshimiyake7@gmail.com.

World Journal of Pediatrics : WJP
|July 27, 2019
PubMed

Insights

Isolated muscular ventricular septal defect (VSD) is common in infants, with most cases closing spontaneously by 12 months. Color Doppler echocardiography aids diagnosis, and VSD is not a severe risk factor for chromosomal abnormalities.

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Cardiology
  • Neonatology
  • Congenital Heart Disease

Background:

  • Color Doppler echocardiography is crucial for diagnosing isolated muscular ventricular septal defects (VSDs) with small shunts.
  • Understanding the natural history of VSDs is essential for appropriate clinical management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the diagnosis, frequency, and natural history of isolated muscular ventricular septal defects (VSDs) from fetal development through infancy.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of original research articles from PubMed and Google Scholar.
  • Inclusion of relevant studies focusing on muscular ventricular septal defects.

Main Results:

  • Isolated muscular VSD occurs in 5.7% of preterm and 1.1-5.3% of term infants.
  • Spontaneous closure is more frequent and earlier in muscular VSDs than perimembranous VSDs, with 80-90% closing by 12 months.
  • While midventricular muscular VSDs close faster short-term, long-term closure rates show no site difference. Chromosomal microarray analysis indicates VSD is not a severe risk factor for chromosomal abnormalities.

Conclusions:

  • This review synthesizes current knowledge on the diagnosis, frequency, and natural history of isolated muscular VSD.
  • Further research is needed on the spontaneous closure of fetal isolated muscular VSDs.
Abstract

Keywords:
Color Doppler echocardiographyFetusInfantSpontaneous closure

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