Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Oral Cavity01:11

Oral Cavity

3.0K
The oral cavity, or the mouth, is a complex structure in humans that plays a vital role in our day-to-day lives. Its role is not only in chewing and swallowing food; it also plays a role in speech and facial expressions.
Teeth: The teeth are the hardest structures in our bodies. Humans have two sets of teeth throughout their lifetime: deciduous (baby) teeth and permanent teeth. Each tooth consists of several parts: the crown (visible part), the root (embedded in the jaw), enamel (hard outer...
3.0K
Insulin Secretory Vesicles01:05

Insulin Secretory Vesicles

6.4K
Insulin secretory vesicles release insulin to stimulate blood glucose uptake and regulate carbohydrate metabolism. When the blood glucose levels increase, glucose enters the pancreatic β-islet cells through glucose transporters. Once inside, glucose is metabolized through glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain, producing ATP. This increase in ATP concentration closes ATP-sensitive potassium channels, leading to depolarization of the membrane and the opening of...
6.4K
Insulin: The Receptor and Signaling Pathways01:28

Insulin: The Receptor and Signaling Pathways

2.8K
Insulin action is mediated through a receptor tyrosine kinase, akin to the IGF-1 receptor. The number of receptors per cell varies significantly, from 40 on erythrocytes to 300,000 on adipocytes and hepatocytes. The insulin receptor consists of linked α/β subunit dimers, forming a heterotetramer glycoprotein with two extracellular α subunits and two β subunits spanning the membrane. The α subunits inhibit the inherent tyrosine kinase activity of the β subunits, but...
2.8K
Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery01:27

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery

670
Insulin preparations are categorized by their duration of action into short-acting and long-acting types. Two strategies are used to modify insulin's absorption and pharmacokinetic profile: slowing the absorption post-subcutaneous injection, or altering human insulin's amino acid sequence or protein structure. These changes retain the insulin's ability to bind to the insulin receptor, but alter its behavior in solution or after injection.
Short-acting insulins are divided into...
670
Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation01:25

Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation

1.3K
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of pancreatic β-cells synthesizes preproinsulin, which consists of a signal peptide, A and B chains, and a C-peptide. Preproinsulin is then cleaved and folded into proinsulin, which translocates to the Golgi apparatus for sorting and packaging into secretory granules. In these granules, enzymatic clipping generates insulin and C-peptide.
Damage or functional impairment of β-cells inhibits insulin production, leading to diabetes. Diabetes treatment...
1.3K
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides01:06

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides

608
Repaglinide (Prandin) and Nateglinide (Starlix), known as glinides, are oral insulin secretagogues that stimulate insulin release from pancreatic β cells by closing the ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP channel). Repaglinide controls insulin release from pancreatic β cells by managing potassium efflux. It shares two binding sites with sulfonylureas and also has a unique site, indicating overlapping mechanisms of action. With a rapid onset and a 4-7 hour duration, it effectively...
608

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Polypharmacy and comorbidity status in the treatment of type 2 diabetic patients attending a tertiary care hospital: An observational and questionnaire-based study.

Perspectives in clinical research·2018
Same author

Impact of regulatory spin of pioglitazone on prescription of antidiabetic drugs among physicians in India: A multicentre questionnaire-based observational study.

The Indian journal of medical research·2018
Same author

Antidiabetic and antioxidant activity of <i>Rhizophora mucronata</i> leaves (Indian sundarban mangrove): An <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> study.

Ayu·2017
Same author

Letter by Wisløff et al Regarding Article, "High-Intensity Interval Training in Patients With Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction".

Circulation·2017
Same author

From Heart Failure to Journal Metrics-Making Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases.

Progress in cardiovascular diseases·2017
Same author

Management of cardiovascular diseases in patients with obesity.

Nature reviews. Cardiology·2017
Same journal

Polycystic ovary syndrome, amenorrhea and the diagnostic role of anti-Müllerian hormone.

Minerva endocrinologica·2021
Same journal

Effects of Mediterranean diet on semen parameters in healthy young adults: a randomized controlled trial.

Minerva endocrinologica·2021
Same journal

Next generation of strain specific probiotics in diabetes treatment: the case of Prevotella copri.

Minerva endocrinologica·2020
Same journal

New perspectives in neuroendocrine neoplasms research from tumor xenografts in zebrafish embryos.

Minerva endocrinologica·2020
Same journal

Codon bias analyses on thyroid carcinoma genes.

Minerva endocrinologica·2020
Same journal

The possible role of endocrine dysfunction of adipose tissue in gestational diabetes mellitus.

Minerva endocrinologica·2020
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 21, 2026

Study of In Vivo Glucose Metabolism in High-fat Diet-fed Mice Using Oral Glucose Tolerance Test OGTT and Insulin Tolerance Test ITT
08:13

Study of In Vivo Glucose Metabolism in High-fat Diet-fed Mice Using Oral Glucose Tolerance Test OGTT and Insulin Tolerance Test ITT

Published on: January 7, 2018

71.4K

Oral insulin: an update.

Subhankar Chatterjee1, Chandra Bhushan Sharma2, Carl J Lavie3

  • 1Department of Medicine, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, India - chatterjeeaspiresubhankar.92@gmail.com.

Minerva Endocrinologica
|July 27, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Oral insulin tablets offer a patient-friendly alternative to injections for diabetes management. This review explores challenges and strategies for developing effective oral insulin delivery systems.

More Related Videos

Oral Biofilm Sampling for Microbiome Analysis in Healthy Children
10:42

Oral Biofilm Sampling for Microbiome Analysis in Healthy Children

Published on: December 31, 2017

17.8K
A Standardized Approach to Extra-Oral and Intra-Oral Digital Photography
06:49

A Standardized Approach to Extra-Oral and Intra-Oral Digital Photography

Published on: July 22, 2022

10.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 21, 2026

Study of In Vivo Glucose Metabolism in High-fat Diet-fed Mice Using Oral Glucose Tolerance Test OGTT and Insulin Tolerance Test ITT
08:13

Study of In Vivo Glucose Metabolism in High-fat Diet-fed Mice Using Oral Glucose Tolerance Test OGTT and Insulin Tolerance Test ITT

Published on: January 7, 2018

71.4K
Oral Biofilm Sampling for Microbiome Analysis in Healthy Children
10:42

Oral Biofilm Sampling for Microbiome Analysis in Healthy Children

Published on: December 31, 2017

17.8K
A Standardized Approach to Extra-Oral and Intra-Oral Digital Photography
06:49

A Standardized Approach to Extra-Oral and Intra-Oral Digital Photography

Published on: July 22, 2022

10.1K

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology and Metabolism
  • Pharmaceutical Sciences
  • Diabetes Research

Background:

  • Insulin injections are the standard treatment for type 1 and advanced type 2 diabetes.
  • Current insulin therapy faces challenges including poor patient compliance, weight gain, hypoglycemia fears, and systemic hyperinsulinemia.
  • There is a significant unmet need for a more convenient and physiological insulin delivery method.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the barriers hindering oral insulin delivery.
  • To discuss strategies for overcoming these barriers.
  • To highlight recent human studies and the future prospects of oral insulin in clinical practice.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing research on oral insulin delivery.
  • Analysis of barriers such as enzymatic degradation and poor absorption.
  • Examination of formulation and delivery strategies (e.g., nanoparticles, permeation enhancers).

Main Results:

  • Oral insulin delivery faces significant challenges including the acidic environment of the stomach and enzymatic degradation.
  • Various strategies, including encapsulation in protective carriers and use of absorption enhancers, show promise.
  • Recent human studies indicate progress, but widespread clinical application is still under development.

Conclusions:

  • Overcoming the barriers to oral insulin delivery is crucial for improving diabetes management.
  • Continued research into advanced formulations and delivery systems is essential for realizing the potential of oral insulin.
  • Oral insulin holds promise for a more patient-centric approach to diabetes therapy, mimicking physiological secretion patterns.