Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

CRISPR and crRNAs

CRISPR and crRNAs

Bacteria and archaea are susceptible to viral infections just like eukaryotes; therefore, they have developed a unique adaptive immune system to protect themselves. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated proteins (CRISPR-Cas) are present in more than 45% of known bacteria and 90% of known archaea.
The CRISPR-Cas system stores a copy of foreign DNA in the host genome and uses it to identify the foreign DNA upon reinfection. CRISPR-Cas has three different...

Overview of Transposition and Recombination

Overview of Transposition and Recombination

Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...

CRISPR

CRISPR

Genome editing technologies allow scientists to modify an organism’s DNA via the addition, removal, or rearrangement of genetic material at specific genomic locations. These types of techniques could potentially be used to cure genetic disorders such as hemophilia and sickle cell anemia. One popular and widely used DNA-editing research tool that could lead to safe and effective cures for genetic disorders is the CRISPR-Cas9 system. CRISPR-Cas9 stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced...

Second Order systems II

Second Order systems II

In an underdamped second-order system, where the damping ratio ζ is between 0 and 1, a unit-step input results in a transfer function that, when transformed using the inverse Laplace method, reveals the output response. The output exhibits a damped sinusoidal oscillation, and the difference between the input and output is termed the error signal. This error signal also demonstrates damped oscillatory behavior. Eventually, as the system reaches a steady state, the error diminishes to zero.

First Order Systems

First Order Systems

First-order systems, such as RC circuits, are foundational in understanding dynamic systems due to their straightforward input-output relationship. Analyzing their responses to different input functions under zero initial conditions reveals significant insights into system behavior.
When a first-order system is subjected to a unit-step input, its response is characterized by its transfer function. By applying the Laplace transform of the unit-step input to the transfer function, expanding the...

Second Order systems I

Second Order systems I

A servo system exemplifies a second-order system, featuring a proportional controller and load elements that ensure the output position aligns with the input position. The relationship between these components is described by a second-order differential equation. Applying the Laplace transform under zero initial conditions yields the transfer function, showing how inputs are converted to outputs in the system.
By reinterpreting the system, one can derive the closed-loop transfer function, which...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Super-resolution atlas of SARS-CoV-2 infection reveals protease-dependent organelle maturation, dsRNA landscapes, and intracellular structural proteins.

Nature communications·2026

Same author

A CRISPR-Cas13d cancer therapeutic enables selective elimination of uveal melanoma.

Molecular therapy. Oncology·2026

Same author

CRISPR-Cas-based live cell imaging of genome dynamics.

Nature reviews. Genetics·2026

Same author

Programmable macromolecule delivery via engineered trogocytosis.

Nature cell biology·2026

Same author

Rewriting the epigenome: CRISPR tools for biological discovery and therapeutics.

Current opinion in biomedical engineering·2026

Same author

Engineered RNA-based activation system for coronavirus sensing in live cells.

Biodesign research·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 21, 2026

Substrate Generation for Endonucleases of CRISPR/Cas Systems

Substrate Generation for Endonucleases of CRISPR/Cas Systems

Published on: September 8, 2012

Site-Programmable Transposition: Shifting the Paradigm for CRISPR-Cas Systems.

Michael Chavez¹, Lei S Qi²

¹Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.

|July 27, 2019

Summary

New research reveals distinct CRISPR-Cas mechanisms enabling site-specific programmable transposition in prokaryotes. These findings advance our understanding of microbial genetic engineering tools.

More Related Videos

Precise Phage Mutagenesis with NgTET-Assisted CRISPR-Cas Systems

Precise Phage Mutagenesis with NgTET-Assisted CRISPR-Cas Systems

Published on: October 14, 2025

Gene Digital Circuits Based on CRISPR-Cas Systems and Anti-CRISPR Proteins

Gene Digital Circuits Based on CRISPR-Cas Systems and Anti-CRISPR Proteins

Published on: October 18, 2022

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 21, 2026

Substrate Generation for Endonucleases of CRISPR/Cas Systems

Substrate Generation for Endonucleases of CRISPR/Cas Systems

Published on: September 8, 2012

Precise Phage Mutagenesis with NgTET-Assisted CRISPR-Cas Systems

Precise Phage Mutagenesis with NgTET-Assisted CRISPR-Cas Systems

Published on: October 14, 2025

Gene Digital Circuits Based on CRISPR-Cas Systems and Anti-CRISPR Proteins

Gene Digital Circuits Based on CRISPR-Cas Systems and Anti-CRISPR Proteins

Published on: October 18, 2022

Area of Science:

Microbiology
Molecular Biology
Genetics

Background:

CRISPR-Cas systems are primarily known for adaptive immunity in prokaryotes.
Site-specific DNA manipulation is crucial for genetic engineering and research.

Purpose of the Study:

To elucidate the distinct CRISPR-Cas mechanisms responsible for programmable DNA transposition in prokaryotic organisms.
To highlight the potential of these systems as novel tools for genetic engineering.

Main Methods:

Comparative analysis of CRISPR-Cas systems described by Klompe et al. (2019) and Strecker et al. (2019).
Review of experimental data demonstrating transposition activity.

Main Results:

Identification of at least two distinct CRISPR-Cas pathways mediating site-specific transposition.
Demonstration of programmable DNA insertion capabilities.

Conclusions:

CRISPR-Cas systems offer versatile mechanisms for targeted DNA transposition in prokaryotes.
These discoveries pave the way for advanced genome editing applications in microbial systems.