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Related Concept Videos

Polymers02:34

Polymers

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The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the...
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Polymers02:34

Polymers

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Protein and Protein Structure02:15

Protein and Protein Structure

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Proteins are one of the most abundant organic molecules in living systems and have the most diverse range of functions of all macromolecules. Proteins may be structural, regulatory, contractile, or protective. They may serve in transport, storage, or membranes; or they may be toxins or enzymes. Their structures, like their functions, vary greatly. They are all, however, amino acid polymers arranged in a linear sequence.
A protein's shape is critical to its function. For example, an enzyme...
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Polymer Classification: Architecture01:14

Polymer Classification: Architecture

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Polymers are classified as linear or branched on the basis of their chain architecture. The polymer chains in linear polymers have a long chain-like structure with minimal to no branching at all. Even if a polymer features large substituent groups on the monomer, which appear as branches to the skeleton, it is not considered a branched polymer. A branched polymer contains secondary polymer chains that arise from the main polymer chain. The branching occurs when the polymer growth shifts from...
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Polymer Classification: Crystallinity01:21

Polymer Classification: Crystallinity

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Unlike ionic or small covalent molecules, polymers do not form crystalline solids due to the diffusion limitations of their long-chain structures. However, polymers contain microscopic crystalline domains separated by amorphous domains.
Crystalline domains are the regions where polymer chains are aligned in an orderly manner and held together in proximity by intermolecular forces. For example, chains in the crystalline domains of polyethylene and nylon are bound together by van der Waals...
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Polymer Classification: Stereospecificity01:26

Polymer Classification: Stereospecificity

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Polymerization generates chiral centers along the entire backbone of a polymer chain. Accordingly, the stereochemistry of the substituent group has a significant effect on polymer properties. Polymers formed from monosubstituted alkene monomers feature chiral carbons at every alternate position in the polymer backbone. Relative to the predominant orientation of substituents at the adjacent chiral carbons, the polymer can exist in three different configurations: isotactic, syndiotactic, and...
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Updated: Jan 21, 2026

Ex Vivo Red Blood Cell Hemolysis Assay for the Evaluation of pH-responsive Endosomolytic Agents for Cytosolic Delivery of Biomacromolecular Drugs
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Polymers for cytosolic protein delivery.

Jia Lv1, Qianqian Fan2, Hui Wang1

  • 1South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China.

Biomaterials
|July 27, 2019
PubMed
Summary

This review explores novel polymer designs for delivering native proteins into cells, bypassing harmful modifications. These advanced polymers facilitate therapeutic protein delivery for treating diseases.

Keywords:
Cancer therapyCytosolic protein deliveryIntracellular deliveryPolymersTherapeutic proteins

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Materials Science
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Cytosolic protein delivery is crucial for targeting intracellular processes and "undruggable" targets.
  • Current methods often require protein modification, risking bioactivity loss and complex synthesis.
  • Macromolecular and hydrophilic proteins face challenges in crossing cell membranes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in designing polymers for native cytosolic protein delivery.
  • To discuss strategies for overcoming challenges in protein-carrier interactions and complex formation.
  • To evaluate the potential of these polymers for in vivo therapeutic protein delivery.

Main Methods:

  • Discussing rational polymer design principles for cytosolic delivery.
  • Highlighting the grafting of functional ligands onto cationic polymers.
  • Analyzing the impact of protein isoelectric points and sizes on delivery.

Main Results:

  • Developed polymers enable the delivery of native proteins with varying properties.
  • Functional ligands enhance polymer-protein binding and mitigate charge repulsion.
  • The review provides a theoretical framework for polymer-based protein delivery.

Conclusions:

  • Rational polymer design offers a promising alternative to protein modification for cytosolic delivery.
  • Developed polymers show potential for in vivo therapeutic applications.
  • This work supports the advancement of polymer-mediated protein therapeutics.