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Before a cell can divide, it must accurately replicate all of its chromosomes, including the DNA and its associated histone and non-histone proteins.  This process begins at numerous origins of replication during the S phase of the cell cycle in each of a cell’s chromosomes simultaneously. Certain nucleotides can act as origins of replication, but these sequences are not well defined - especially in complex, multi-cellular, eukaryotic species. The length of DNA that spans an origin...
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In 1882, Flemming observed lampbrush chromosomes (LBC) in salamander eggs. Later in 1892, Rückert observed LBCs in shark egg cells and coined the term "lampbrush chromosomes" because they looked like brushes used to clean kerosene lamps.
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Polytene chromosomes are giant interphase chromosomes with several DNA strands placed side by side. They were discovered in the year 1881 by Balbiani in salivary glands, intestine, muscles, malpighian tubules, and hypoderm of larvae Chironomus plumosus. Hence, these are also called "Salivary gland chromosomes." These are found in insects of the order Diptera and Collembola; in certain organs of mammals; and synergids, antipodes of flowering plants. Polytene chromosomes are also...
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Microtubules are hollow cylindrical filaments having a diameter of approximately 25 nm and a length that varies from 200 nm to 25 μm. GTP-bound tubulin subunits form αβ-heterodimers for microtubule assembly. These core building blocks interact longitudinally, polymerizing into protofilaments. The protofilaments then interact with one another through lateral bonding forces to form stable cylindrical microtubules. These cylindrical filaments are dynamic as they undergo repeated...
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In vitro Enrichment of Ovarian Cancer Tumor-initiating Cells
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Chromosomal Instability in Tumor Initiation and Development.

Duc-Hiep Bach1, Wei Zhang2, Anil K Sood3,4,5

  • 1Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.

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Chromosomal instability (CIN) drives cancer development and heterogeneity, but tumors can progress without it. Understanding CIN

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Genetics
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Chromosomal instability (CIN) is a key feature of many cancers, contributing to tumorigenesis and tumor heterogeneity.
  • Some cancers progress despite a lack of CIN, indicating alternative tumor evolution pathways.
  • The stability and evolution of CIN across different cancer stages (precursor, primary, metastasis) remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the influence of CIN on tumor initiation and development.
  • To discuss the potential of CIN-targeted therapeutics for improving cancer treatment outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • This review synthesizes existing research on chromosomal instability in cancer.
  • Literature search and analysis of studies investigating CIN's role in tumor progression.

Main Results:

  • CIN is a significant factor in tumor initiation and progression.
  • Tumor evolution can occur even in the absence of CIN.
  • CIN's role across different cancer stages requires further investigation.

Conclusions:

  • Chromosomal instability significantly impacts cancer development and heterogeneity.
  • Targeting CIN presents a promising therapeutic strategy for improving clinical outcomes in cancer patients.