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Electrolyte and Nonelectrolyte Solutions02:21

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Substances that undergo either a physical or a chemical change in solution to yield ions that can conduct electricity are called electrolytes. If a substance yields ions in solution, that is, if the compound undergoes 100% dissociation, then the substance is a strong electrolyte. Complete dissociation is indicated by a single forward arrow. For example, water-soluble ionic compounds like sodium chloride dissociate into sodium cations and chloride anions in aqueous solution.
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Colligative Properties of Electrolytes
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A permanent electric dipole orients itself along an external electric field. This rotation can be quantified by defining the potential energy because the external torque does work in rotating it. Then, the potential energy is minimum at the parallel configuration and maximum at the antiparallel configuration. While the former is a stable equilibrium, the latter is an unstable equilibrium.
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The fact that emfs are induced in circuits implies that work is being done on the conduction electrons in the wires. What can possibly be the source of this work? We know that it’s neither a battery nor a magnetic field, as a battery does not have to be present in a circuit where current is induced, and magnetic fields never do any work on moving charges. The source of the work is in fact an electric field that is induced in the wires. For example, if a stationary conductor is placed in a...
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An important distinction exists between the electric field induced by a changing magnetic field and the electrostatic field produced by a fixed charge distribution. Specifically, the induced electric field is nonconservative because it does not work in moving a charge over a closed path. In contrast, the electrostatic field is conservative and does no net work over a closed path. Hence, electric potential can be associated with the electrostatic field but not the induced field. The following...
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In humans, electrolytes play a vital role in various physiological processes. Balancing electrolyte levels is essential for normal body functions; their imbalance can be life-threatening. The major electrolytes include sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphate, and bicarbonate. They are primarily involved in physiological processes, such as nerve signal transmission, membrane trafficking, muscle contraction, buffering body fluids, and balancing water levels in the body.
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Electrolyte beverage consumption alters electrically induced cramping threshold.

Jacob E Earp1, Rebecca L Stearns2, Andrew Stranieri1

  • 1Department of Kinesiology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island.

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|July 28, 2019
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Summary

Electrolyte-rich beverages reduced muscle cramp susceptibility and pain in participants. This suggests electrolytes, not just hydration, may influence cramping in young individuals.

Keywords:
body watercramphydrationsodiumsports drink

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Area of Science:

  • Exercise Physiology
  • Sports Nutrition
  • Human Physiology

Background:

  • Emerging research questions the impact of hydration and electrolytes on muscle cramp susceptibility.
  • The effectiveness of electrolyte-rich carbohydrate beverages for cramp prevention is under scrutiny.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effect of electrolyte-rich carbohydrate beverages on cramp susceptibility.
  • To determine if electrolyte consumption influences muscle cramping independent of hydration status.

Main Methods:

  • Nine euhydrated, cramp-prone participants underwent assessments of cramp susceptibility.
  • Nerve stimulation threshold frequency (TF) was measured before and after consuming an electrolyte-rich beverage (EB) or a placebo beverage (PB).
  • Cramp intensity was evaluated using a verbal pain scale and poststimulation electromyography (EMG).

Main Results:

  • The TF was significantly higher after consuming EB (14.86 ± 7.47 Hz) compared to PB (14.00 ± 5.03 Hz).
  • Reported cramp pain was lower with EB (2.0 ± 0.6) than with PB (2.7 ± 0.8).
  • Electromyography (EMG) readings showed no significant difference between the EB and PB conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Electrolyte consumption, separate from hydration, appears to influence cramp susceptibility in young individuals.
  • Electrolyte-rich beverages can decrease muscle cramp susceptibility and associated pain.
  • While reducing susceptibility, EB did not completely prevent cramping in the study participants.