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Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Boiling Point Elevation
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Dry friction occurs between two solid surfaces in contact as they attempt to move relative to one another. In daily life, dry friction is encountered in various forms, such as when walking on the ground, sliding an object across a table, or rubbing hands together. Despite its ubiquity, the underlying mechanisms behind dry friction are not readily visible.
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When hardened concrete is exposed to air with a relative humidity of less than 100 percent, it begins to lose the free water within its capillaries. As this water evaporates, the water initially adsorbed onto the calcium silicate hydrates migrates towards these now empty spaces and eventually evaporates as well. Over time, as more water leaves, the volume of the concrete decreases, a phenomenon known as drying shrinkage.
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Members Made of Elastoplastic Material

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The behavior of elastoplastic materials under bending stresses, particularly in structural members with rectangular cross-sections, is crucial for predicting material responses and understanding failure modes. Initially, when a bending moment is applied, the stress distribution across the section follows Hooke's Law and is linear and elastic. This distribution means the stress increases from the neutral axis to the maximum at the outer fibers, up to the elastic limit.
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Freeze-dry processing of three-dimensional cell constructs for bone graft materials.

Jun-Ichi Sasaki1, Itsumi Yoshimoto1, Chihiro Katata1,2

  • 1Department of Biomaterials Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan.

Journal of Biomedical Materials Research. Part B, Applied Biomaterials
|July 28, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Freeze-drying engineered bone tissues requires specific buffers. Phosphate-buffered saline with sucrose best preserves minerals and protein function in 3D cell constructs for potential bone grafts.

Keywords:
biomimetic materialbone graft materialcell constructfreeze dryingmesenchymal stem cell

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Tissue Engineering
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Freeze-drying enhances cell-based biomaterial stability and operability for clinical use.
  • Established freeze-drying protocols for engineered tissues are lacking.
  • Scaffold-free 3D cell constructs show promise as biomimetic bone graft materials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the impact of freeze-drying on the morphology and composition of 3D cell constructs.
  • To determine optimal freeze-drying conditions for preserving key biomaterial properties.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of scaffold-free 3D cell constructs.
  • Freeze-drying of constructs using different buffer solutions: phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and sodium citrate buffer (SCB), with and without 10% sucrose.
  • Analysis of organic and inorganic components, calcium content, bone-related proteins, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity.

Main Results:

  • PBS-based freeze-drying maintained organic and inorganic components.
  • SCB treatment led to significant reductions in calcium and bone-related proteins.
  • 10% sucrose in PBS preserved ALP activity, while other conditions showed significant reductions.

Conclusions:

  • Sucrose-containing phosphate buffer is suitable for freeze-drying to maintain minerals and protein functions in 3D cell constructs.
  • Citrate buffer is inappropriate for freeze-drying these engineered tissues.
  • Findings support the development of novel cell-based biomaterials and bone graft substitutes through tissue engineering.