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Related Concept Videos

ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias I: Sinus Arrhythmias01:16

ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias I: Sinus Arrhythmias

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Arrhythmias are disturbances in the heart's rhythm that lead to abnormal heartbeats. These irregularities can originate from different parts of the heart and are classified based on their origin and nature.
Types of Arrhythmias
Sinus Node Arrhythmias
Sinus Bradycardia: Originating from the sinoatrial (SA) node, sinus bradycardia involves slower impulses, resulting in a heart rate of less than 60 beats per minute (bpm). Causes include sleep, vagal stimulation, beta-blockers, hypothyroidism,...
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ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias01:25

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Arrhythmia is a condition characterized by an irregular heart rhythm, with ECG changes that differ based on its origin and nature. The types of arrhythmias discussed below include atrial, junctional, and ventricular arrhythmias.Atrial ArrhythmiasPremature Atrial Complexes (PACs): PACs are early atrial beats caused by stress, caffeine, alcohol, electrolyte imbalances, hypoxia, hyperthyroidism, or certain medications (e.g., bronchodilators and decongestants). The ECG shows early P waves with an...
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Common Ion Effect03:24

Common Ion Effect

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Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Châtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:
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Mechanism of Cardiac Arrhythmias01:28

Mechanism of Cardiac Arrhythmias

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Arrhythmias are irregular heart rhythms occurring when the heart's electrical impulses become abnormal. These disturbances can lead to various symptoms, depending on their severity and the underlying cause. Some common factors contributing to arrhythmias include hypoxia, ischemia, electrolyte imbalances, excessive catecholamine exposure, drug toxicity, and muscle overstretching. Arrhythmias can be classified into two main types based on the rate and site of origin of abnormal heart rhythms.
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Common Respiratory Disorders01:31

Common Respiratory Disorders

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Respiratory disorders, a prevalent health concern globally, are generally divided into two primary categories: upper and lower respiratory tract disorders. The categorization is based on the area of the respiratory system they affect.
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Common Names of Aldehydes and Ketones01:11

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Some common aldehydes and ketones are popularly known by their common names used historically and predate the IUPAC nomenclature.   
Common names of aldehydes are derived from the names of their corresponding acid. For instance, the two-carbon aldehyde–acetaldehyde derives its name from the corresponding acid–acetic acid. Similarly, formaldehyde derives its name from formic acid and benzaldehyde from benzoic acid.
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Stereotaxic Surgery for Implantation of Microelectrode Arrays in the Common Marmoset Callithrix jacchus
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Common Postcardiothoracic Surgery Arrhythmias.

Kirstan Clay-Weinfeld1, Melissa Callans2

  • 1Department of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Pennsylvania Hospital, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, PA, USA.

Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America
|July 29, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Cardiac arrhythmias post-surgery, like atrial fibrillation and ventricular arrhythmias, are common and serious. Persistent atrioventricular block and ventricular arrhythmias may require pacemakers or implantable cardioverter-defibrillators.

Keywords:
Atrial fibrillationAtrioventricular blockCardiac surgeryCoronary artery bypass graftPostoperative arrhythmiaValvular surgeryVentricular tachycardia

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Cardiac Surgery
  • Electrophysiology

Background:

  • Cardiac arrhythmias frequently occur after cardiac surgery, leading to significant complications.
  • Postoperative bradycardias are often transient, but persistent atrioventricular block necessitates permanent pacemaker implantation, especially after valvular surgery.
  • Transcatheter aortic valve surgery presents a higher incidence of permanent pacemaker implantation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the incidence and implications of common postoperative cardiac arrhythmias.
  • To highlight the association of atrial fibrillation with major adverse cardiovascular events and mortality.
  • To discuss the management and mortality associated with ventricular arrhythmias.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on cardiac arrhythmias following cardiac surgery.
  • Analysis of complication rates and mortality associated with different arrhythmia types.
  • Evaluation of treatment strategies, including permanent pacemaker and implantable cardioverter-defibrillator use.

Main Results:

  • Atrial fibrillation is the most frequent postoperative arrhythmia, linked to stroke, myocardial infarction, heart failure, and short-term mortality.
  • Ventricular arrhythmias carry a very high in-hospital and long-term mortality risk.
  • Persistent atrioventricular block after valvular surgery indicates a need for permanent pacemaker implantation.

Conclusions:

  • Cardiac arrhythmias are a major concern after cardiac surgery, impacting patient outcomes.
  • Prompt recognition and management of arrhythmias like atrial fibrillation and ventricular arrhythmias are crucial.
  • Device therapies, including pacemakers and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators, play a vital role in managing specific arrhythmias and improving survival.