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Pilot and Numeric Relaying01:21

Pilot and Numeric Relaying

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Pilot relaying is a type of differential protection used in power systems. It compares electrical quantities at the terminals of equipment via a communication channel instead of direct relay interconnection. This method is essential for transmission lines where the terminals are far apart, typically up to 80 km for lines with 69 to 115 kV ratings. Four types of communication channels are used for pilot relaying:
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pre-mRNA Processing02:01

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In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
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In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
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Cardiac biomarkers are critical in diagnosing, prognosing, and managing cardiovascular diseases. Routine measurement of specific biomarkers such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and homocysteine (Hcy) is common practice in clinical settings to evaluate heart function and predict cardiovascular events.
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The energy stored by a structure and location of matter in space is called potential energy. For instance, raising a kettlebell changes its spatial location and increases its potential energy. Similarly, a stretched rubber band contains potential energy which, under certain conditions, can be converted into other forms of energy, such as kinetic energy.
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On comparing the reactivity of silver and lead, it is observed that the two ionic species, Ag+ (aq) and Pb2+ (aq), show a difference in their redox reactivity towards copper: the silver ion undergoes spontaneous reduction, while the lead ion does not. This relative redox activity can be easily quantified in electrochemical cells by a property called cell potential. This property is commonly known as cell voltage in electrochemistry, and it is a measure of the energy which accompanies the charge...
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Brain Morphology of Cannabis Users With or Without Psychosis: A Pilot MRI Study
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Spiral steroids as potential markers for pre-eclampsia: A pilot study.

Fred Chasalow1, Constance M John2, Ron Bochner3

  • 1IOMA LLC, Belmont, CA, United States; Department of Laboratory Medicine, VAMC, San Francisco, CA, United States.

Steroids
|July 29, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Elevated levels of spiral steroid phosphoesters were observed in 63% of pre-eclampsia patients, suggesting a potential new diagnostic marker for this pregnancy complication. Further research is needed to confirm their role.

Keywords:
DLMIonotropinPre-eclampsiaSpiral steroids

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Reproductive Medicine
  • Clinical Diagnostics

Background:

  • Pre-eclampsia affects 3-6% of pregnancies.
  • Currently, no FDA-approved diagnostic methods exist for pre-eclampsia risk or progression.
  • Inadequate placental function is a proposed cause, but the maternal pathology link is unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the potential of spiral steroid phosphoesters as biomarkers for pre-eclampsia.
  • To establish a diagnostic method for evaluating pre-eclampsia risk and progression.

Main Methods:

  • Serum samples from 20 normotensive and 20 pre-eclamptic pregnant women were analyzed.
  • Tandem mass spectrometry was used to detect spiral steroid phosphoesters and their precursor.
  • Miltefosine served as an internal control for quantification.

Main Results:

  • Elevated levels of spiral steroid phosphoesters were detected in 63% of pre-eclampsia patients (12 of 19).
  • This detection rate significantly surpasses current pre-eclampsia risk marker prediction scores (8-33%).
  • Spiral steroids, being lactones, may function as endogenous potassium-sparing hormones.

Conclusions:

  • Spiral steroid phosphoesters show promise as novel diagnostic markers for pre-eclampsia.
  • The findings suggest a potential link between placental spiral steroid transfer and pre-eclampsia pathology.
  • Further investigation is required to understand the role of spiral steroids and potential co-existing pathologies.