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Biological Effects of Radiation

Biological Effects of Radiation

All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they...

Radiation: Applications

Radiation: Applications

The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives almost all its energy from the radiation of the Sun and reflects some of it into outer space. Dark space is very cold, about 3 K, so Earth radiates energy into it. For instance, heat transfer occurs from soil and grasses, the rate of which can be so rapid that frost can occur on clear summer evenings, even in warm latitudes.
The average...

Absorption of Radiation

Absorption of Radiation

The rate of heat transfer by emitted radiation is described by the Stefan-Boltzmann law of radiation:

Generating Electromagnetic Radiations

Generating Electromagnetic Radiations

The German physicist Heinrich Hertz (1857–1894) was the first to generate and detect certain types of electromagnetic waves in the laboratory. Starting in 1887, he performed a series of experiments that confirmed the existence of electromagnetic waves and verified that they travel at the speed of light. Hertz used an alternating-current RLC (resistor-inductor-capacitor) circuit that resonated at a known frequency and connected it to a loop of wire. High voltages induced across the gap in...

Radiation Pressure: Problem Solving

Radiation Pressure: Problem Solving

The radiation pressure applied by an electromagnetic wave on a perfectly absorbing surface equals the energy density of the wave. The wave's momentum also gets transferred to the surface when an electromagnetic wave is entirely absorbed by it. The rate at which momentum is transmitted to an absorbing surface perpendicular to the propagation direction equals the force on the surface.
The average value of the rate of momentum transfer divided by the absorbing area represents the average force...

Momentum And Radiation Pressure

Momentum And Radiation Pressure

An object absorbing an electromagnetic wave would experience a force in the direction of propagation of the wave. This force occurs because electromagnetic waves contain and transport momentum. The force accounts for the wave's radiation pressure exerted on the object. Maxwell's prediction was confirmed in 1903 by Nichols and Hull by precisely measuring radiation pressures with a torsion balance. The measuring instrument had mirrors suspended from a fiber kept inside a glass container.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 21, 2026

Testing the Efficacy of Pharmacological Agents in a Pericardial Target Delivery Model in the Swine

Testing the Efficacy of Pharmacological Agents in a Pericardial Target Delivery Model in the Swine

Published on: July 7, 2016

Radiation-Associated Pericardial Disease.

Natalie Szpakowski¹, Milind Y Desai²

¹Heart and Vascular Institute, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Desk J1-5, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.

Current Cardiology Reports

|July 29, 2019

Summary

Radiation therapy for cancer can cause serious pericardial disease, appearing acutely or decades later. Advanced imaging and evolving radiation techniques aim to reduce these devastating cardiac complications.

Keywords:

Constrictive pericarditis Pericardial disease Pericardial effusion Radiation

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Last Updated: Jan 21, 2026

Testing the Efficacy of Pharmacological Agents in a Pericardial Target Delivery Model in the Swine

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Published on: July 7, 2016

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Area of Science:

Cardiology
Oncology
Radiology

Background:

Radiation therapy for thoracic malignancies can lead to significant pericardial injury.
Pericardial complications are a serious, yet less studied, consequence of radiation compared to other cardiovascular outcomes.
These complications can manifest acutely or insidiously, even decades after treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the current literature on pericardial injury following radiation for oncologic diseases.
To highlight the clinical relevance and diagnostic approaches for radiation-associated pericardial disease.

Main Methods:

Literature review of studies on pericardial injury after oncologic radiation.
Analysis of diagnostic imaging modalities including echocardiography, cardiac MRI, and cardiac CT.
Evaluation of current strategies in radiation oncology to mitigate cardiac toxicity.

Main Results:

Radiation-associated pericardial disease can have severe consequences.
Transthoracic echocardiography is the primary screening tool; cardiac MRI aids characterization and treatment guidance.
Cardiac CT is useful for detecting pericardial calcification.

Conclusions:

As cancer survival rates improve, radiation-associated pericardial disease becomes increasingly important.
Advances in radiation techniques show promise in reducing cardiotoxicity.
Long-term pericardial effects require continued investigation and monitoring.