Vortex-assisted natural deep eutectic solvent microextraction using response surface methodology optimization for...

Area of Science:

• Analytical Chemistry
• Environmental Chemistry

Background:

• Orthophosphate is a key nutrient in aquatic ecosystems, and its accurate determination is crucial for environmental monitoring.
• Existing methods for orthophosphate analysis can be time-consuming and may involve hazardous solvents.

Purpose of the Study:

• To develop a rapid, efficient, and eco-friendly microextraction technique for orthophosphate determination in real water samples.
• To optimize the natural deep eutectic solvent composition and extraction parameters for enhanced performance.

Main Methods:

• Vortex-assisted natural deep eutectic solvent microextraction using a ternary mixture of glucose-choline chloride-water.
• Formation of the phosphomolybdenium blue complex for spectrophotometric detection.
• Optimization of experimental parameters using response surface methodology (central composite design).

Main Results:

• The developed method achieved a linear calibration range of 2.0–80.0 µg/L for orthophosphate with a high correlation coefficient (0.9971).
• A low detection limit of 0.2 µg/L was achieved.
• The method demonstrated excellent precision and accuracy, with repeatability, reproducibility, and relative error values below 7%.

Conclusions:

• Vortex-assisted natural deep eutectic solvent microextraction is a promising green separation and preconcentration methodology for orthophosphate determination.
• The use of eco-friendly solvents and efficient mixing techniques offers a sustainable alternative for water sample analysis.