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Related Concept Videos

Molar Mass01:54

Molar Mass

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The identity of a substance is defined not only by the types of atoms or ions it contains but by the quantity of each type of atom or ion. For example, water, H2O, and hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, are alike in that their respective molecules are composed of hydrogen and oxygen atoms. However, because a hydrogen peroxide molecule contains two oxygen atoms, as opposed to the water molecule, which has only one, the two substances exhibit very different properties.
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Applications of the Ideal Gas Law: Molar Mass, Density, and Volume03:43

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The volume occupied by one mole of a substance is its molar volume. The ideal gas law, PV = nRT,  suggests that the volume of a given quantity of gas and the number of moles in a given volume of gas vary with changes in pressure and temperature. At standard temperature and pressure, or STP (273.15 K and 1 atm), one mole of an ideal gas (regardless of its identity) has a volume of about 22.4 L — this is referred to as the standard molar volume.
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Primary Active Transport01:47

Primary Active Transport

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In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps that are embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction...
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Sustainable Development01:43

Sustainable Development

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As the human population continues to grow and use resources, we must be mindful of our planet’s natural limits. Sustainable development provides a pathway to maintain and improve human life now while also ensuring that future generations will have the resources that they need. The long-term success of sustainability efforts rests on understanding the interplay between human actions and ecological systems.
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Primary and Secondary Growth in Roots and Shoots03:02

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Vascular plants, which account for over 90% of the Earth’s vegetation, all undergo primary growth—which lengthens roots and shoots. Many land plants, notably woody plants, also undergo secondary growth—which thickens roots and shoots.
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Primary Distribution01:28

Primary Distribution

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Primary distribution systems deliver electrical power from substations to consumers through various voltage classes, with 15-kV class voltages being predominant among U.S. utilities. Older 2.5- and 5-kV classes are being replaced by 15-kV primaries, while higher 25- to 34.5-kV classes are used in high-density urban areas and rural regions with long feeders. Three-phase, four-wire multigrounded systems are widely employed for balanced power delivery, using the neutral wire as a grounding point.
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Optimized Sealing Process and Real-Time Monitoring of Glass-to-Metal Seal Structures
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Sealed primary molars are less likely to develop caries.

Michael Hong, Carolynn Vuong, Karin Herzog

    Journal of the American Dental Association (1939)
    |July 30, 2019
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Dental sealants significantly reduce pit-and-fissure caries in primary molars for high-risk children. This study shows sealed teeth are much less likely to develop cavities, delaying caries onset.

    Keywords:
    Sealantscaries incidencecaries preventionprimary teeth

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    Area of Science:

    • Pediatric Dentistry
    • Cariology
    • Dental Materials

    Background:

    • Pit-and-fissure caries are a significant concern in primary molars.
    • Fluoride-releasing resin-based sealants are used to prevent caries.
    • The effectiveness of sealants in primary molars requires further investigation.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To examine the association between light-polymerized resin-based fluoride-releasing sealants and the development of pit-and-fissure caries on primary molars.
    • To compare caries incidence in sealed versus non-sealed primary molars in high-caries-risk children.

    Main Methods:

    • A 3-year retrospective study analyzing dental records of 297 children (1,352 teeth) under 6 years old with high caries risk.
    • Recorded sealant placement or nonplacement on primary molars in outpatient and operating room settings.
    • Utilized random-effects logistic regression analysis to account for data clustering and measure caries incidence over time.

    Main Results:

    • Sealed primary molars showed significantly lower odds of developing pit-and-fissure caries compared to non-sealed molars (Odds Ratios 0.055 and 0.013, P < .001).
    • Sealants were associated with a longer time to caries development in both outpatient (2.69 years) and operating room (1.97 years) settings.
    • The protective effect of sealants was observed in both clinical settings.

    Conclusions:

    • Sealed primary molars are significantly less likely to develop pit-and-fissure caries.
    • Dental sealants are an effective preventive measure for primary molars in children at high risk for caries.
    • Consideration of dental sealants for primary molars is recommended for high-caries-risk pediatric patients.