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Human Inner Ear Immune Activity: A Super-Resolution Immunohistochemistry Study.

Wei Liu1, Charlotta Kämpfe Nordström1, Niklas Danckwardt-Lillieström1

  • 1Section of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.

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Macrophages, previously unknown in the inner ear, are present in the cochlea and vestibular nerve. These immune cells may form a neuro-immune axis, potentially protecting the auditory nerve and impacting ear disease research.

Keywords:
IBA1humaninner earmacrophagesstructured illumination microscopy

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Immunology
  • Otolaryngology

Background:

  • The human inner ear was traditionally considered immune-privileged, with only the endolymphatic sac (ES) recognized for immune activity.
  • Recent findings reveal macrophages in cochlear and vestibular organs, but their roles in ear diseases remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the presence and characteristics of macrophages in the human inner ear, including the eighth cranial nerve.
  • To explore the potential neuro-immune interactions within the inner ear.

Main Methods:

  • Super-resolution structured illumination microscopy (SR-SIM) was used on human ES and cochlear tissues.
  • Immunohistochemistry employed antibodies targeting macrophage markers (IBA1, CD68, CD11b, TEME119), neuronal markers, and immune cells (CD4, CD8, MHCII).

Main Results:

  • IBA1-positive macrophages were identified throughout the ES, cochlea, and eighth cranial nerve (vestibular and cochlear nerves).
  • Macrophages exhibited specialized structures, including synapse-like contacts with neurons and projections near axons.
  • A small population of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells was observed in the ES and cochlea.

Conclusions:

  • The human eighth nerve possesses a significant macrophage system, suggesting a neuro-immune axis.
  • This macrophage system may play a protective role for the auditory nerve.
  • Further research is needed to understand the role of these macrophages in inner ear diseases and surgical contexts.