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Related Concept Videos

Nephrotic Syndrome I : Introduction01:24

Nephrotic Syndrome I : Introduction

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Nephrotic Syndrome is a chronic kidney disorder defined by clinical findings such as severe proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, and edema. These symptoms result from damage to the glomeruli, the kidney’s filtering units, increasing their permeability to proteins.Definition and Meaning:Proteinuria, defined as the loss of more than 3.5 grams of protein per day in adults, is a crucial feature of nephrotic syndrome. This condition is often accompanied by edema, the accumulation of...
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Acute Coronary Syndrome I: Introduction01:30

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Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) encompasses a spectrum of heart conditions caused by sudden obstruction of coronary arteries, typically resulting from the rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque and subsequent thrombus (blood clot) formation. This obstruction can lead to partial or complete blockage of blood flow, causing varying degrees of myocardial ischemia or infarction.ACS includes the following clinical entities:Unstable Angina (UA)Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI)ST-Elevation...
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Irritable Bowel Syndrome I: Introduction01:17

Irritable Bowel Syndrome I: Introduction

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Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is characterized by functional disturbances in the gastrointestinal system, presenting a cluster of symptoms without evident structural or biochemical abnormalities. It primarily affects the large intestine and may cause abdominal pain, bloating, excessive gas, diarrhea, constipation, or both.
IBS is a chronic condition that can persist over a long period or recur frequently.
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Altered...
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Acute Coronary Syndrome V: Nursing Management01:26

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Nursing Assessment:Nursing management of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) involves taking the patient's history, focusing on primary complaints such as chest pain, dyspnea, and excessive sweating (diaphoresis), as well as other symptoms like back or jaw pain, nausea, vomiting, palpitations, dizziness, and fatigue. The nurse also reviews the patient's history of cardiac events, risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, smoking, family history, and current medications.In the objective assessment,...
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Nephrotic Syndrome II : Assessment and Medical Management01:26

Nephrotic Syndrome II : Assessment and Medical Management

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IntroductionNephrotic syndrome is a kidney disorder marked by excessive protein loss in the urine, leading to various systemic complications. This condition often results from damage to the glomeruli—the kidney's filtering units—causing proteinuria, low blood protein levels, and fluid retention. Understanding the assessment, diagnosis, and management of nephrotic syndrome is essential for effective treatment and prevention of further kidney damage.AssessmentPatient History: Document...
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Nephrotic Syndrome III : Nursing Management01:24

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Nursing management for nephrotic syndrome adapts as the disease progresses, with strategies evolving to address advancing symptoms and complications.Early-Stage Management In the early stages, nursing interventions for nephrotic syndrome resemble those used in managing acute glomerulonephritis, focusing on symptom monitoring, fluid balance, and managing mild to moderate edema.Vital Signs: Regularly monitor blood pressure, pulse, respiratory rate, and temperature to promptly identify...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 21, 2026

Conscious and Non-conscious Representations of Emotional Faces in Asperger's Syndrome
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Tardive Syndromes.

Joseph H Friedman

    Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.)
    |July 30, 2019
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Tardive syndromes are a public health concern. New treatments like valbenazine and deutetrabenazine manage symptoms, but second-generation antipsychotics may increase risk, especially when used for depression.

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    Area of Science:

    • Neurology
    • Psychiatry
    • Pharmacology

    Background:

    • Tardive syndromes encompass a range of involuntary movement disorders.
    • Historically, treatment options were limited, and risks associated with antipsychotics were a significant concern.

    Observation:

    • The development of vesicular monoamine transporter type 2 (VMAT2) inhibitors, valbenazine and deutetrabenazine, represents a major advance.
    • These VMAT2 inhibitors reduce dopamine stimulation to manage dyskinetic movements.
    • Concerns exist that second-generation antipsychotics (atypical antipsychotics) may not be safer than first-generation antipsychotics in causing tardive syndromes.

    Findings:

    • Valbenazine and deutetrabenazine are FDA-approved for tardive syndromes, offering symptomatic relief.
    • These treatments mask symptoms without necessarily preventing the accrual of long-term movement disorder risks.
    • Emerging data suggest atypical antipsychotics, increasingly used for depression and other conditions, carry a notable risk of inducing tardive syndromes.

    Implications:

    • Tardive syndromes continue to pose a significant public health risk.
    • The widespread use of second-generation antipsychotics for conditions beyond psychosis, such as depression, warrants caution due to potential tardive syndrome risks.
    • While symptomatic treatments are available, their high cost may limit accessibility.