Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Punishment01:27

Punishment

888
Negative reinforcement and punishment are often confused but serve distinct functions in behavior modification. Reinforcement, whether positive or negative, increases the likelihood of a desired behavior, while punishment decreases it.
Punishment can be positive or negative. Positive punishment involves adding an undesirable stimulus, such as scolding, to decrease a behavior. Negative punishment involves removing a desirable stimulus, such as taking away a favorite toy, to decrease behavior....
888
Diazonium Group Substitution with Halogens and Cyanide: Sandmeyer and Schiemann Reactions01:20

Diazonium Group Substitution with Halogens and Cyanide: Sandmeyer and Schiemann Reactions

2.4K
Arenediazonium substitution reactions occur when the diazonium group is substituted by various functional groups such as halides, hydroxyl, nitrile, etc. For instance, arenediazonium salts react with copper(I) salts of chloride, bromide, or cyanide to form corresponding aryl chlorides, bromides, and nitriles. These reactions are named Sandmeyer reactions. Although the mechanism of this reaction is complicated, as illustrated in Figure 1, they are believed to progress via an aryl copper...
2.4K
Bacterial Signaling01:30

Bacterial Signaling

40.1K
Bacterial signaling can occur within bacteria (intracellular) or between bacteria (intercellular). At times, a group of bacteria behaves like a community. To achieve this, they engage in quorum sensing, the perception of higher cell density that causes changes in gene expression. Quorum sensing involves both extracellular and intracellular signaling. The signaling cascade starts with a molecule called an autoinducer (AI). Individual bacteria produce AIs that move out of the bacterial cell...
40.1K
Bacterial Transformation01:33

Bacterial Transformation

59.5K
In 1928, bacteriologist Frederick Griffith worked on a vaccine for pneumonia, which is caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria. Griffith studied two pneumonia strains in mice: one pathogenic and one non-pathogenic. Only the pathogenic strain killed host mice.
Griffith made an unexpected discovery when he killed the pathogenic strain and mixed its remains with the live, non-pathogenic strain. Not only did the mixture kill host mice, but it also contained living pathogenic bacteria that...
59.5K
Bacterial RNA Polymerase00:43

Bacterial RNA Polymerase

32.5K
Unlike eukaryotes, bacteria use a single RNA Polymerase (RNAP) to transcribe all genes. The different subunits of bacterial RNAPhave distinct functions. The multisubunit structure of the bacterial RNAP helps the enzyme to maintain catalytic function, facilitate assembly, interact with DNA and RNA, and self-regulate its activity.
In most genes, the transcription site is a single base present upstream of the coding sequence. Though RNAP is a catalytically efficient enzyme, it does not recognize...
32.5K
Bacterial Transcription01:53

Bacterial Transcription

35.8K
RNA polymerase (RNAP) carries out DNA-dependent RNA synthesis in both bacteria and eukaryotes. Bacteria do not have a membrane-bound nucleus. So, transcription and translation occur simultaneously, on the same DNA template.
Transcription can be divided into three main stages, each involving distinct DNA sequences to guide the polymerase. These are:
35.8K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

The Role of Racial Disaggregation in Understanding AI/AN Adolescent Suicidal Behavior: Assessment of the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System.

American Indian and Alaska native mental health research (Online)·2026
Same author

Serine Acetyltransferase from <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>: Distinctive Features, Pleiotropic Roles, and Therapeutic Potential.

International journal of molecular sciences·2026
Same author

The <i>Chlamydia trachomatis</i>-secreted effector protein CT181 binds to Mcl-1 and prolongs neutrophil survival.

mBio·2026
Same author

Two birds with one stone: An antibiotic hit blocking <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> heme uptake with serendipitous hemoglobin left-shifting activity.

iScience·2026
Same author

[Ethically challenging determination of treatment goals in the intensive care unit: reasons, frequency and possible solutions].

Die Anaesthesiologie·2026
Same author

Volatile sedation as a source of greenhouse gas emissions in intensive care medicine.

Intensive care medicine·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 21, 2026

A Procedure to Study Stress-Induced Relapse of Heroin Seeking after Punishment-Imposed Abstinence
08:05

A Procedure to Study Stress-Induced Relapse of Heroin Seeking after Punishment-Imposed Abstinence

Published on: March 23, 2022

2.9K

Bacterial Cheaters Evade Punishment by Cyanide.

Parker Smith1, Jamison Cozart1, Bryan K Lynn2

  • 1Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.

Iscience
|July 30, 2019
PubMed
Summary

The cyanide policing model in Pseudomonas aeruginosa was refuted. Cheaters were unaffected by cyanide, showing resistance is independent of quorum sensing, highlighting genetic architecture

Keywords:
Biological SciencesEvolutionary BiologyGeneticsMicrobiology

More Related Videos

Imaging InlC Secretion to Investigate Cellular Infection by the Bacterial Pathogen Listeria monocytogenes
14:05

Imaging InlC Secretion to Investigate Cellular Infection by the Bacterial Pathogen Listeria monocytogenes

Published on: September 19, 2013

10.3K
Generation of Null Mutants to Elucidate the Role of Bacterial Glycosyltransferases in Bacterial Motility
12:29

Generation of Null Mutants to Elucidate the Role of Bacterial Glycosyltransferases in Bacterial Motility

Published on: March 11, 2022

2.7K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 21, 2026

A Procedure to Study Stress-Induced Relapse of Heroin Seeking after Punishment-Imposed Abstinence
08:05

A Procedure to Study Stress-Induced Relapse of Heroin Seeking after Punishment-Imposed Abstinence

Published on: March 23, 2022

2.9K
Imaging InlC Secretion to Investigate Cellular Infection by the Bacterial Pathogen Listeria monocytogenes
14:05

Imaging InlC Secretion to Investigate Cellular Infection by the Bacterial Pathogen Listeria monocytogenes

Published on: September 19, 2013

10.3K
Generation of Null Mutants to Elucidate the Role of Bacterial Glycosyltransferases in Bacterial Motility
12:29

Generation of Null Mutants to Elucidate the Role of Bacterial Glycosyltransferases in Bacterial Motility

Published on: March 11, 2022

2.7K

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Bacterial Cooperation

Background:

  • Cooperating groups evolve mechanisms to prevent exploitation by non-cooperative

Purpose of the Study:

  • To test and refute the proposed cyanide policing model in Pseudomonas aeruginosa cooperation.
  • To investigate the role of quorum sensing and cyanide in controlling cheater mutants.

Main Methods:

  • Co-culture experiments comparing growth of cheater mutants with cyanide-proficient and deficient cooperators.
  • Assessing cheater mutant resistance to exogenous cyanide.
  • Analyzing gene regulation in response to cyanide exposure.

Main Results:

  • Cheater mutants' fitness was unaffected by the presence of cyanide.
  • Cheater mutants exhibited equal growth with both cyanide-proficient and deficient cooperators.
  • Cheater mutants showed resistance to exogenous cyanide, independent of quorum sensing.
  • Gene regulation for cyanide resistance was found to be quorum-sensing-independent and cyanide-responsive.

Conclusions:

  • The cyanide policing model is not the mechanism controlling cheaters in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
  • Cyanide resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa is regulated independently of quorum sensing.
  • Genetic architecture plays a crucial role in the evolution of bacterial cooperative behaviors.