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Related Concept Videos

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:10

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Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...
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The radical chain-growth polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination of polymerization. The polymerization initiates when a free radical generated from the radical initiator adds to the unsaturated bond in the monomer. The unpaired electron of the free radical and one π electron in the unsaturated bond creates a σ bond between the free radical and the monomer. As a result, the other π electron in the unsaturated bond converts this species into...
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Free-Radical Chain Reaction and Polymerization of Alkenes02:35

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The conversion of alkenes to macromolecules called polymers is a reaction of high commercial importance. The structure of the polymer is defined by a repeating unit, while the terminal groups are considered insignificant. The average degree of polymerization represents the number of repeating units in the polymer molecule and is denoted by the subscript n.
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching01:17

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The skeletal structure of polymers synthesized via radical polymerization is always branched. For example, the polymerization of ethylene by radical polymerization results in a low-density grade of polyethylene with a heavily branched skeletal structure. Here, the radical site abstracts hydrogen from the growing chain, and the radical site shifts from the end (a primary carbon center) to anywhere within the growing chain (a secondary carbon center). Consequently, the part of the chain from the...
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Intracellular Signaling Cascades01:24

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Once a ligand binds to a receptor, the signal is transmitted through the membrane and into the cytoplasm. The continuation of a signal in this manner is called signal transduction. Signal transduction only occurs with cell-surface receptors, which cannot interact with most components of the cell, such as DNA. Only internal receptors can interact directly with DNA in the nucleus to initiate protein synthesis. When a ligand binds to its receptor, conformational changes occur that affect the...
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Rab GTPases act in a regulated cascade during membrane fusion, helping the lipid bilayers mix. The Rab family of proteins are active when bound to GTP, and inactive when bound to GDP. Hence, they act as guanine nucleotide-dependent molecular switches. Rab-GTP recognizes and binds to long or short-range tethering proteins to capture the target vesicle. These tethers coordinate with SNAREs on the vesicle and the target membrane to assemble the trans SNARE complex that locks the mixing bilayers.
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Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Functionalized Vinyl Monomers Using Perylene as a Visible Light Photocatalyst
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Radical Ring-Closing/Ring-Opening Cascade Polymerization.

Hanchu Huang1, Wenqi Wang1, Zefeng Zhou1

  • 1Department of Chemistry , Boston College , Chestnut Hill , Massachusetts 02467 , United States.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|July 31, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a new method for synthesizing polymers using radical ring-closing/ring-opening cascade polymerization. This strategy enables the creation of complex polymer structures with built-in degradability.

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Organic Synthesis

Background:

  • Developing novel polymerization strategies is crucial for creating advanced materials.
  • Radical polymerization offers versatile pathways for polymer synthesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report a novel strategy for main-chain polymer synthesis via radical ring-closing/ring-opening cascade polymerization.
  • To enable the synthesis of polymers with complex main-chain structures and degradable functionalities.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic optimization of electronic properties of 1,6-diene structures for efficient radical cyclopolymerization.
  • Fusion of 1,6-diene with allylic sulfide or allylic sulfone motifs to initiate cascade reactions.
  • Utilizing SO2 extrusion from 1,6-diene-fused allylic sulfone to generate a propagating alkyl radical with reversible deactivation.

Main Results:

  • Achieved efficient radical cyclopolymerization through optimized 1,6-diene structures.
  • Demonstrated a ring-closing/ring-opening cascade reaction driven by the polymerization of large macrocyclic monomers.
  • Successfully generated a propagating alkyl radical capable of reversible deactivation.

Conclusions:

  • The reported strategy provides a general platform for synthesizing polymers with complex main-chain architectures.
  • This method allows for the incorporation of degradable functionalities into polymer main chains.
  • The radical ring-closing/ring-opening cascade polymerization offers a powerful approach for advanced polymer design.