Host manipulation by parasites as a cryptic driver of energy flow through food webs

Manipulative parasites alter predator-prey interactions, and thus may facilitate, shift or create energy flow pathways through food webs (referred to hereafter as manipulation-mediated energy flow, MMEF). The ecological significance of MMEF would be determined not only by the strength of host manipulation, but also ecological and epidemiological factors, including host biomass, parasite incidence, and trophic position of the host-parasite association in their food webs. While previous theory has predicted that strong manipulation will destabilize host-parasite dynamics, a recently proposed theoretical framework claims that a switching strategy (sequential manipulation from predation suppression to enhancement) should allow parasites to induce strong predation enhancement and thus large MMEF. We formally outline the current and future directions to better understand the causes and consequences of MMEF across biological hierarchies.