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The Nucleosome Core Particle

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Nucleosomes are the DNA-histone complex, where the DNA strand is wound around the histone core. The histone core is an octamer containing two copies of H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 histone proteins.
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Nucleosomes are the DNA-histone complex, where the DNA strand is wound around the histone core. The histone core is an octamer containing two copies of H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 histone proteins.
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DNA in a human cell is almost 2m long and it is packed inside a tiny nucleus that is only a few microns in diameter. The level of compaction of DNA inside the nucleus is astonishing. It is organized into several sequentially higher levels of compaction to fit into such a tiny space. The most compact form of DNA is a chromosome that can be seen under a microscope in a dividing cell.
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Histone variants are the histone proteins with structural and sequence variations. These variants may be regarded as “mutant” forms that replace their canonical histone counterparts in the nucleosomes. Specific post-translational modifications on the histone variants enable further chromatin complexity and regulate tissue-specific gene expression. The most common histone variants are from histone H2A, H2B, and linker histone H1 families. However, several variants of histone H3...
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The alkali metal sodium (atomic number 11) has one more electron than the neon atom. This electron must go into the lowest-energy subshell available, the 3s orbital, giving a 1s22s22p63s1 configuration. The electrons occupying the outermost shell orbital(s) (highest value of n) are called valence electrons, and those occupying the inner shell orbitals are called core electrons. Since the core electron shells correspond to noble gas electron configurations, we can abbreviate electron...
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ANCA-Associated Vasculitis: Core Curriculum 2020.

Duvuru Geetha1, J Ashley Jefferson2

  • 1Division of Nephrology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD.

American Journal of Kidney Diseases : the Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation
|July 31, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) involves small blood vessel inflammation. Advances in treatment have shifted AAV from fatal to a chronic, relapsing condition.

Keywords:
Vasculitisanti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)autoantibodycomplementcyclophosphamideglomerulonephritisgranulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA)immunosuppressionmicroscopic polyangiitis (MPA)reviewrituximab

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Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Immunology
  • Rheumatology

Background:

  • Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) is a systemic autoimmune disease.
  • Characterized by inflammation and destruction of small- to medium-sized blood vessels.
  • Key phenotypes include granulomatosis with polyangiitis and microscopic polyangiitis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of AAV.
  • To detail the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management of AAV.
  • To highlight recent therapeutic advances.

Main Methods:

  • Review of randomized controlled trials and clinical data from the past two decades.
  • Analysis of serologic classification (proteinase 3-ANCA vs. myeloperoxidase-ANCA).
  • Examination of genetic, environmental, and immune system factors.

Main Results:

  • AAV predominantly affects the kidneys, with over 75% of patients experiencing renal involvement.
  • Multifactorial etiology involving genetics, environment, and immune responses.
  • Therapeutic advancements have improved outcomes, making AAV a chronic illness.

Conclusions:

  • AAV management has evolved significantly, improving patient prognosis.
  • Understanding pathogenesis is crucial for targeted therapies.
  • Ongoing research continues to refine AAV treatment strategies.