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Related Concept Videos

Ionic Radii03:10

Ionic Radii

33.3K
Ionic radius is the measure used to describe the size of an ion. A cation always has fewer electrons and the same number of protons as the parent atom; it is smaller than the atom from which it is derived. For example, the covalent radius of an aluminum atom (1s22s22p63s23p1) is 118 pm, whereas the ionic radius of an Al3+ (1s22s22p6) is 68 pm. As electrons are removed from the outer valence shell, the remaining core electrons occupying smaller shells experience a greater effective nuclear...
33.3K
Ionic Bonds00:42

Ionic Bonds

129.2K
Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
Ionic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions...
129.2K
Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

19.9K
Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
19.9K
Solubility of Ionic Compounds02:55

Solubility of Ionic Compounds

68.0K
Solubility is the measure of the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given quantity of solvent at a given temperature and pressure. Solubility is usually measured in molarity (M) or moles per liter (mol/L). A compound is termed soluble if it dissolves in water.
68.0K
Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

16.9K
Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
16.9K
Ionic Compounds: Formulas and Nomenclature03:34

Ionic Compounds: Formulas and Nomenclature

86.2K
An element composed of atoms that readily lose electrons (a metal) can react with an element composed of atoms that readily gain electrons (a nonmetal) to produce ions through complete electron transfer. The compound formed by this transfer is stabilized by the electrostatic attractions (ionic bonds) between the oppositely charged ions.
86.2K

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Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass with Low-cost Ionic Liquids
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Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass with Low-cost Ionic Liquids

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Ionic liquids from a fragmented perspective.

Justin A Conrad1, Shinae Kim1, Mark S Gordon1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50014, USA. mark@si.msg.chem.iastate.edu.

Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics : PCCP
|July 31, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study reviews fragmentation methods in computational chemistry, including effective fragment potential and fragment molecular orbital approaches. It assesses their strengths, weaknesses, and future potential for scientific applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Computational Chemistry
  • Quantum Chemistry
  • Molecular Modeling

Background:

  • Fragmentation methods are crucial for large molecular systems.
  • Accurate calculations for complex molecules remain a challenge.
  • Existing methods offer approximations to simplify computations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the effectiveness of fragmentation techniques.
  • To discuss the advantages and limitations of current methods.
  • To propose future directions for fragmentation-based computational chemistry.

Main Methods:

  • Review of effective fragment potential (EFP) method.
  • Analysis of fragment molecular orbital (FMO) methods.
  • Discussion of related fragmentation approaches.

Main Results:

  • EFP and FMO methods show promise for specific applications.
  • Current limitations include accuracy and computational cost.
  • Potential improvements focus on enhancing efficiency and accuracy.

Conclusions:

  • Fragmentation methods are valuable tools in computational chemistry.
  • Further development is needed to overcome existing limitations.
  • These methods are expected to play a significant role in future research.