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Related Concept Videos

Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Hormones can be classified into three main types based on their chemical structures: steroids, peptides, and amines. Their actions are mediated by the specific receptors they bind to on target cells.
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Types of Hormones01:21

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Hormones are classified into four main groups: steroids, eicosanoids, amino acid-based derivatives, and peptide hormones.
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Hormonal Regulation

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The renin-aldosterone system is an endocrine system which guides the renal absorption of water and electrolytes, thus managing blood pressure and osmoregulation. Activation of the system begins in the kidneys with a small cluster of cells adjacent to the afferent and efferent blood vessels of the renal corpuscle. As the nephrons are filtering blood, juxtaglomerular cells monitor blood pressure. If they detect a decrease in pressure, they release the hormone renin into the bloodstream.
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Hormonal Regulation01:40

Hormonal Regulation

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Hormones regulate a significant portion of digestion through activation of the neuroendocrine system. The neuroendocrine system of digestion contains many different hormones all with multiple functions that are both, directly and indirectly, involved in digestion.
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Author Spotlight: In Vivo Assessment of Thyroid Hormone Disruption Using the THAI Mouse Model
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Thyroid hormone metabolites and analogues.

Rosalba Senese1, Federica Cioffi2, Giuseppe Petito1

  • 1Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy.

Endocrine
|July 31, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Thyroid hormones (T4 and T3) and their derivatives show therapeutic potential for obesity and dyslipidemia. However, adverse effects limit their use, driving research into selective analogues for safer treatment options.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolism
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Thyroid hormones, L-thyroxine (T4) and 3,3',5-L-triiodothyronine (T3), and their metabolites exhibit biological activities.
  • While T4 and T3 can improve lipid profiles and reduce body fat, their systemic adverse effects on cardiac, muscle, and bone tissues are significant limitations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current knowledge on thyroid hormone metabolites and analogues.
  • To explore their potential clinical applications in treating human diseases, particularly dyslipidemias and obesity.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on thyroid hormone metabolites and analogues.
  • Analysis of research on compounds like GC-1, KB141, KB2115, and DITPA.
  • Evaluation of their therapeutic effects and mechanisms of action.

Main Results:

  • Several T4 and T3 metabolites and synthetic analogues possess distinct physiological actions.
  • Specific analogues demonstrate promising results in preclinical and clinical investigations for metabolic disorders.
  • Selective analogues offer potential for targeted therapeutic benefits with reduced side effects.

Conclusions:

  • Thyroid hormone metabolites and analogues represent a promising area for developing novel therapeutics.
  • Targeted approaches using selective analogues may overcome the limitations of traditional thyroid hormone therapy.
  • Further research is warranted to fully elucidate the clinical utility of these compounds in treating metabolic diseases.