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Updated: Jan 21, 2026

A Novel Method to Model Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in Drosophila

A Novel Method to Model Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in Drosophila

Published on: July 4, 2017

Brain Edema in Chronic Hepatic Encephalopathy.

Cristina Cudalbu¹, Simon D Taylor-Robinson²

¹Centre d'Imagerie Biomedicale (CIBM), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.

Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hepatology

|July 31, 2019

Summary

Brain edema is a key feature of hepatic encephalopathy (HE). This review examines methods to measure brain edema in HE and discusses its role in neurological decline, highlighting the need for further research.

Keywords:

1H MRS, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ADC, apparent diffusion coefficient ALF, acute liver failure AQP, aquaporins BBB, blood-brain barrier BDL, bile duct ligation CNS, central nervous system CSF, cerebrospinal fluid Cr, creatine DTI, diffusion tensor imaging DWI, diffusion-weighted imaging FLAIR, fluid-attenuated inversion recovery GM, gray matter Gln, glutamine Glx, sum of glutamine and glutamate HE, hepatic encephalopathy Ins, inositol LPS, lipopolysaccharide Lac, lactate MD, mean diffusivity MRI, magnetic resonance imaging MRS, magnetic resonance spectroscopy MT, magnetization transfer MTR, MT ratio NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance PCA, portocaval anastomosis TE, echo time WM, white matter brain edema chronic hepatic encephalopathy in vivo magnetic resonance imaging in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy liver cirrhosis mIns, myo-inositol tCho, total choline tCr, total creatine

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Published on: October 23, 2020

Area of Science:

Neurology
Hepatology
Medical Imaging

Background:

Brain edema is a common complication of hepatic encephalopathy (HE), significantly impacting neurological function in both acute and chronic forms.
Advanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) reveals low-grade brain edema as a critical pathological feature in chronic HE.

Purpose of the Study:

To review methods for measuring brain edema in animal models and humans with chronic HE, both ex vivo and in vivo.
To explore the relationship between brain edema and neurological alterations in HE.
To discuss whether HE and brain edema share common pathophysiological mechanisms or represent distinct cerebral dysfunctions in liver disease.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on brain edema measurement techniques (ex vivo and in vivo).
Analysis of in vivo MRI and magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies in chronic HE.
Discussion of findings from animal models and human studies.

Main Results:

Brain edema is a significant pathological feature in chronic hepatic encephalopathy.
In vivo MRI/MRS studies provide insights into brain edema development in chronic HE.
The precise relationship between HE, brain edema, and liver dysfunction remains under investigation.

Conclusions:

Brain edema plays a crucial role in the neurological deterioration associated with hepatic encephalopathy.
Further in vivo longitudinal and multimodal studies are essential to fully understand the complex interplay between liver function, brain metabolism, cellular changes, and neurological symptoms in chronic HE.