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Related Concept Videos

What is Gene Expression?01:42

What is Gene Expression?

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Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
Genetic Information Flows from DNA to RNA to Protein
A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is made up of nucleotides and proteins consist of amino...
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What is Gene Expression?01:36

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A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then...
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Gene Flow02:39

Gene Flow

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Gene flow is the transfer of genes among populations, resulting from either the dispersal of gametes or from the migration of individuals.
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Cell Specific Gene Expression01:58

Cell Specific Gene Expression

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Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
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Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression02:35

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Chromatin is the massive complex of DNA and proteins packaged inside the nucleus. The complexity of chromatin folding and how it is packaged inside the nucleus greatly influences  access to genetic information. Generally, the nucleus' periphery is considered transcriptionally repressive, while the cell's interior is considered a transcriptionally active area. 
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mRNA Stability and Gene Expression02:51

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The structure and stability of mRNA molecules regulates gene expression, as mRNAs are a key step in the pathway from gene to protein. In eukaryotes, the half-life of mRNA varies from a few minutes up to several days. mRNA stability is essential in growth and development. The absence of the proteins regulating its stability, such as tristetraprolin in mice, can cause systemic issues, including bone marrow overgrowth, inflammation, and autoimmunity.
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Related Experiment Video

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Using an Automated Cell Counter to Simplify Gene Expression Studies: siRNA Knockdown of IL-4 Dependent Gene Expression in Namalwa Cells
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Cellular cholesterol modifies flow-mediated gene expression.

Robert L Repetti1,2, Jennifer Meth1, Oluwatoni Sonubi1,2

  • 1Northport Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Northport, New York.

American Journal of Physiology. Renal Physiology
|August 1, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

High cholesterol intake in mice impairs kidney function by reducing sodium excretion. This occurs because cholesterol represses key genes involved in fluid shear stress response, impacting blood pressure regulation.

Keywords:
blood pressurecollecting ductflowshear

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Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Downregulation of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2), and nitric oxide synthase-2 (NOS2) in the kidneys is linked to salt sensitivity and hypertension.
  • Cholesterol accumulation in kidney collecting duct (CD) cells can inhibit fluid shear stress (FSS)-mediated COX2 activity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if fluid shear stress (FSS) induces expression of flow-responsive genes (HO-1, COX2, NOS2) in CD cells.
  • To determine if cholesterol loading represses FSS-induced expression of these genes and impacts sodium (Na+) excretion in vivo.

Main Methods:

  • Exposed mouse collecting duct (CD) cells to fluid shear stress (FSS) with and without cholesterol loading.
  • Administered saline to mice fed either a control or cholesterol-rich diet, measuring urine output, electrolytes, and renal gene expression.

Main Results:

  • FSS significantly increased HO-1, COX2, and NOS2 mRNA and protein in CD cells.
  • Cholesterol loading repressed FSS-induced HO-1 and NOS2 protein and reduced HO-1 and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in media.
  • Cholesterol-fed mice exhibited reduced urine volume and Na+ excretion, with increased urinary Na+, K+, and osmolality.
  • Renal HO-1 and NOS2 mRNA expression was significantly lower in cholesterol-fed mice.

Conclusions:

  • Cholesterol represses FSS-induced natriuretic gene expression in renal collecting duct cells.
  • This cholesterol-mediated repression of flow-responsive genes may contribute to increased renal sodium avidity and salt sensitivity in vivo.