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Updated: Jan 21, 2026

Minimally Invasive Endoscopic Intracerebral Hemorrhage Evacuation
Published on: October 15, 2021
Standards for Detecting, Interpreting, and Reporting Noncontrast Computed Tomographic Markers of Intracerebral
Andrea Morotti1, Gregoire Boulouis2, Dar Dowlatshahi3
1Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy.
Abstract:
Significant hematoma expansion (HE) affects one-fifth of people within 24 hours after acute intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), and its prevention is an appealing treatment target. Although the computed tomography (CT)-angiography spot sign predicts HE, only a minority of ICH patients receive contrast injection. Conversely, noncontrast CT (NCCT) is used to diagnose nearly all ICH, so NCCT markers represent a widely available alternative for prediction of HE. However, different NCCT signs describe similar features, with lack of consensus on the optimal image acquisition protocol, assessment, terminology, and diagnostic criteria. In this review, we propose practical guidelines for detecting, interpreting, and reporting NCCT predictors of HE. ANN NEUROL 2019;86:480-492.
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