Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Semiconductors01:22

Semiconductors

1.4K
There is variation in the electrical conductivity of materials - metals, semiconductors, and insulators that are showcased with the help of the energy band diagrams.
Metals such as copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), or lead (Pb) have low resistivity and feature conduction bands that are either not fully occupied or overlap with the valence band, making a bandgap non-existent. This allows electrons in the highest energy levels of the valence band to easily transition to the conduction band upon gaining...
1.4K
Polymers02:34

Polymers

40.5K
The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the...
40.5K
Formal Charges02:42

Formal Charges

40.0K
In some cases, there are seemingly more than one valid Lewis structures for molecules and polyatomic ions. The concept of formal charges can be used to help predict the most appropriate Lewis structure when more than one reasonable structure exists.
40.0K
Ions and Ionic Charges03:27

Ions and Ionic Charges

78.6K
In ordinary chemical reactions, the nucleus — which contains the protons and neutrons of each atom and thus identifies the element — remains unchanged. Electrons, however, can be added to atoms by transfer from other atoms, lost by transfer to other atoms, or shared with other atoms. The transfer and sharing of electrons among atoms govern the chemistry of the elements. During the formation of some compounds, atoms gain or lose electrons to form electrically charged particles called...
78.6K
Social Traps01:41

Social Traps

26.3K
Social traps are negative situations where people get caught in a direction or relationship that later proves to be unpleasant, with no easy way to back out of or avoid. The concept was orignally introduced by John Platt who applied psychology to Garrett Hardin's "Tragedy of the Commons", where in New England herd owners could let their cattle graze in the common ground. This situation seems like a good idea, but an individual could have an advantage. If they owned...
26.3K
Types of Semiconductors01:20

Types of Semiconductors

1.4K
Intrinsic semiconductors are highly pure materials with no impurities. At absolute zero, these semiconductors behave as perfect insulators because all the valence electrons are bound, and the conduction band is empty, disallowing electrical conduction. The Fermi level is a concept used to describe the probability of occupancy of energy levels by electrons at thermal equilibrium. In intrinsic semiconductors, the Fermi level is positioned at the midpoint of the energy gap at absolute zero. When...
1.4K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Staging and defect-limited intercalation of FeCl<sub>3</sub> in graphite electrodes.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

Toward Hydrogen Isotope Separations through Strong Hydrogen Adsorption at Open Copper(I) Sites in an Ultramicroporous Metal-Organic Framework.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2026
Same author

Study on Friction and Wear Properties of Mo<sub>2</sub>C-Coated Ultrahard TZM Alloy by High-Temperature Gas-Phase Carburization.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same author

Ferroelectricity in atomic-scale titanium dioxide dielectric films.

Science (New York, N.Y.)·2026
Same author

Automated TEM Reveals Intercrystalline Correlations of Conjugated Polymers.

Macromolecules·2026
Same author

Multimodal Nanoscale Mapping of Local Structure and CO<sub>2</sub> Adsorption in Metal-Organic Frameworks.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 21, 2026

Intra-lymph Node Injection of Biodegradable Polymer Particles
09:06

Intra-lymph Node Injection of Biodegradable Polymer Particles

Published on: January 2, 2014

15.1K

Trap-Assisted Charge Injection into Large Bandgap Polymer Semiconductors.

Dongdong Wang1,2, Michael Fina3, Suhan Kim4

  • 1Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing 102600, China.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)
|August 2, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Inserting lithium fluoride (LiF) into polymer light-emitting diodes enhances both electron and hole injection, particularly improving hole injection. This LiF layer also stabilizes internal interfaces, boosting device performance.

Keywords:
charge injectioninterface stabilitypolymer light-emitting diodestrap

More Related Videos

Injectable Supramolecular Polymer-Nanoparticle Hydrogels for Cell and Drug Delivery Applications
09:39

Injectable Supramolecular Polymer-Nanoparticle Hydrogels for Cell and Drug Delivery Applications

Published on: February 7, 2021

8.7K
Comprehensive Characterization of Extended Defects in Semiconductor Materials by a Scanning Electron Microscope
11:14

Comprehensive Characterization of Extended Defects in Semiconductor Materials by a Scanning Electron Microscope

Published on: May 28, 2016

14.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 21, 2026

Intra-lymph Node Injection of Biodegradable Polymer Particles
09:06

Intra-lymph Node Injection of Biodegradable Polymer Particles

Published on: January 2, 2014

15.1K
Injectable Supramolecular Polymer-Nanoparticle Hydrogels for Cell and Drug Delivery Applications
09:39

Injectable Supramolecular Polymer-Nanoparticle Hydrogels for Cell and Drug Delivery Applications

Published on: February 7, 2021

8.7K
Comprehensive Characterization of Extended Defects in Semiconductor Materials by a Scanning Electron Microscope
11:14

Comprehensive Characterization of Extended Defects in Semiconductor Materials by a Scanning Electron Microscope

Published on: May 28, 2016

14.4K

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Organic Electronics
  • Device Physics

Background:

  • Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) rely on efficient charge injection for optimal performance.
  • Polyfluorene and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) are common materials in OLED fabrication.
  • Trap-assisted charge injection can limit device efficiency.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effect of lithium fluoride (LiF) insertion on charge injection in OLEDs.
  • To analyze the impact of LiF on internal interfaces within the device structure.
  • To compare experimental findings with numerical simulations to understand underlying mechanisms.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of OLED model systems using polyfluorene and PEDOT:PSS with Al or Al/LiF cathodes.
  • Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to observe internal interface evolution.
  • Numerical simulations using a revised Davids model for charge injection analysis.

Main Results:

  • A 1.3 nm LiF insertion simultaneously increased both electron and hole injections.
  • The increase in hole injection was more significant than the increase in electron injection.
  • LiF introduction improved interface stability at the cathode/polymer and ITO/PEDOT:PSS interfaces.
  • Experimental results were consistent with numerical simulations.

Conclusions:

  • LiF is an effective material for enhancing charge injection and improving interface stability in OLEDs.
  • The study provides insights into the physical mechanisms of trap-assisted charge injection.
  • Optimizing LiF layer thickness and integration can lead to more efficient organic electronic devices.