Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jan 21, 2026

Laryngeal Mask Airway LMA Placement in a Neonatal Patient Simulator Using a Non-Inflatable Supraglottic Airway SGA
Published on: July 14, 2023
Relationship of Velopharyngeal Insufficiency With Face Mask Therapy in Patients With Cleft Lip and Palate
Narmin Helal1, Matthew Ford2, Osama Basri3
1Paediatric Dentistry Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
Objective:
To determine whether orthodontic/dentofacial orthopedic maxillary protraction face mask therapy induces changes in velopharyngeal functioning in a cohort of pediatric patients having cleft palate with or without cleft lip.
Design:
Retrospective chart review.
Setting:
A children's hospital in the United States.
Participants:
Forty-three pediatric patients with cleft palate, with or without cleft lip, syndromic or with isolated clefts, who received face mask therapy from January 2009 to April 2016.
Intervention:
Clinical data were extracted for review and analysis from medical records obtained from the Cleft Database/Research Registry (CDB-RR).
Main Outcome Measures:
Pittsburgh Weighted Speech Scores (PWSS) before and after therapy.
Results:
There was a significant increase in PWSS after face mask therapy for patients with a PWSS score of 0 prior to treatment. Patients with PWSS >0 before treatment remained largely stable after face mask therapy. Maxillary advancement was not significantly associated with change in PWSS or fistula presence/absence.
Conclusions:
There is an increased risk of velopharyngeal insufficiency with maxillary protraction face mask treatment in patients with cleft palate. Patient counseling and obtaining consent regarding speech changes during treatment are recommended.
Related Concept Videos
Insufficient Sleep and Sleep Deprivation
Sleep deprivation is a more severe form of sleep loss...
Relationship Formation
Administering Oxygen by Mask
Administering oxygen by mask is a common nursing intervention that provides supplemental oxygen to patients with respiratory distress or chronic lung conditions. This procedure involves delivering oxygen at a specified rate through a face mask connected to an oxygen source.
Equipment
The equipment necessary for this procedure includes:
Masking and Demasking Agents
There are many masking agents, such as cyanide, fluoride, triethanolamine, thiourea, and 2,3-bis(sulfanyl)propan-1-ol (formerly 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanol), with the masking agent chosen based on...
Ending Relationships
Relationship Growth

