Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Facilitated Transport01:19

Facilitated Transport

146.4K
The chemical and physical properties of plasma membranes cause them to be selectively permeable. Since plasma membranes have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions, substances need to be able to transverse both regions. The hydrophobic area of membranes repels substances such as charged ions. Therefore, such substances need special membrane proteins to cross a membrane successfully. In  facilitated transport, also known as facilitated diffusion, molecules and ions travel across a...
146.4K
Facilitated Transport01:19

Facilitated Transport

18.2K
The chemical and physical properties of plasma membranes cause them to be selectively permeable. Since plasma membranes have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions, substances need to be able to transverse both regions. The hydrophobic area of membranes repels substances such as charged ions. Therefore, such substances need special membrane proteins to cross a membrane successfully. In  facilitated transport, also known as facilitated diffusion, molecules and ions travel across a...
18.2K
Social Facilitation01:04

Social Facilitation

36.0K
Not all intergroup interactions lead to negative outcomes. Sometimes, being in a group situation can improve performance. Social facilitation occurs when an individual performs better when an audience is watching than when the individual performs the behavior alone. This typically occurs when people are performing a task for which they are skilled.
36.0K
Facilitated Diffusion01:16

Facilitated Diffusion

1.2K
The plasma membrane, a critical structure in cellular biology, houses an array of transporters, or carrier proteins, interspersed within its lipid bilayer. These proteins play a crucial role in solute transport through facilitated diffusion, a form of passive diffusion that uses transporters to move the molecules across the membrane.
In this process, substrates such as organic compounds and ions interact with a transporter on one side, triggering conformational changes in proteins that enable...
1.2K
Formation of Species01:31

Formation of Species

44.7K
Speciation describes the formation of one or more new species from one or sometimes multiple original species. The resulting species are discrete from the parent species, and barriers to reproduction will typically exist. There are two primary mechanisms, speciation with and without geographic isolation—allopatric and sympatric speciation, respectively.
44.7K
Solution Formation02:16

Solution Formation

36.9K
There is no one solvent that can dissolve every type of solute. Some substances that readily dissolve in a certain solvent might be insoluble in a different solvent. A simple way to predict which substances dissolve in which solvent is the phrase "like dissolves like". This means that polar substances, such as salt and sugar, dissolve in a polar substance like water. In contrast, non-polar substances are more soluble in non-polar solvents such as carbon tetrachloride.
This selective...
36.9K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Salt exposure disrupts memory retrieval in habituation and conditioned place preference in planaria (Dugesia japonica).

Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)·2026
Same author

Spatial proximity determines overshadowing between landmarks in human spatial navigation.

Journal of experimental psychology. Animal learning and cognition·2025
Same author

Rethinking memory impairments: Retrieval failure.

Psychological review·2025
Same author

Safety signals reinforce instrumental avoidance in humans.

Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)·2024
Same author

A psychological mechanism for the development of anxiety.

Behavioral neuroscience·2024
Same author

Renewal of instrumental avoidance in humans.

Journal of experimental psychology. Animal learning and cognition·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 21, 2026

Breakfast Habits among Schoolchildren in the City of Uruguaiana, Brazil
06:48

Breakfast Habits among Schoolchildren in the City of Uruguaiana, Brazil

Published on: July 29, 2020

5.0K

Delayed rewards facilitate habit formation.

Gonzalo P Urcelay1, Sietse Jonkman2

  • 1Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, and Behaviour.

Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Learning and Cognition
|August 2, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Response-outcome contiguity is crucial for goal-directed behavior. Delayed reinforcement leads to habit formation, but this can be prevented by pre-session context exposure, highlighting the importance of contiguity in action control.

More Related Videos

Studying Food Reward and Motivation in Humans
12:09

Studying Food Reward and Motivation in Humans

Published on: March 19, 2014

24.1K
Testing for Metacognitive Responding Using an Odor-based Delayed Match-to-Sample Test in Rats
08:06

Testing for Metacognitive Responding Using an Odor-based Delayed Match-to-Sample Test in Rats

Published on: June 18, 2018

7.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 21, 2026

Breakfast Habits among Schoolchildren in the City of Uruguaiana, Brazil
06:48

Breakfast Habits among Schoolchildren in the City of Uruguaiana, Brazil

Published on: July 29, 2020

5.0K
Studying Food Reward and Motivation in Humans
12:09

Studying Food Reward and Motivation in Humans

Published on: March 19, 2014

24.1K
Testing for Metacognitive Responding Using an Odor-based Delayed Match-to-Sample Test in Rats
08:06

Testing for Metacognitive Responding Using an Odor-based Delayed Match-to-Sample Test in Rats

Published on: June 18, 2018

7.6K

Area of Science:

  • Behavioral neuroscience
  • Animal behavior studies
  • Learning and memory

Background:

  • Instrumental behavior transitions from goal-directed to habitual forms.
  • Factors influencing this transition include training, reinforcement schedules, and drug exposure.
  • The impact of delayed reinforcement on goal-directed behavior is less understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of response-outcome contiguity in controlling goal-directed action in rats.
  • To examine how delayed reinforcement influences the shift towards habitual behavior.
  • To assess the impact of pre-session context exposure on habit formation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a within-subjects design in rats to assess goal-directed action.
  • Employed satiety-specific outcome devaluation tests to evaluate behavioral control.
  • Manipulated response-outcome contiguity by varying reinforcement delays (immediate vs. 20 s).
  • Investigated the effect of pre-session context exposure without instrumental cues.

Main Results:

  • Goal-directed behavior was observed with immediate reinforcement but not with a 20-s delay, indicating habit formation with delayed outcomes.
  • Habitual control associated with 20-s delays was prevented by pre-session exposure to the experimental context.
  • These findings underscore the significance of response-outcome contiguity.

Conclusions:

  • Response-outcome contiguity is a critical factor in maintaining goal-directed actions.
  • Delayed reinforcement promotes the development of habitual behavior.
  • Pre-exposure to the context can mitigate habit formation, suggesting context plays a role in preserving goal-directed control.