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Spherical Coordinates01:23

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Spherical coordinate systems are preferred over Cartesian, polar, or cylindrical coordinates for systems with spherical symmetry. For example, to describe the surface of a sphere, Cartesian coordinates require all three coordinates. On the other hand, the spherical coordinate system requires only one parameter: the sphere's radius. As a result, the complicated mathematical calculations become simple. Spherical coordinates are used in science and engineering applications like electric and...
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A spherical capacitor consists of two concentric conducting spherical shells of radii R1 (inner shell) and R2 (outer shell). The shells have  equal and opposite charges of +Q and −Q, respectively. For an isolated conducting spherical capacitor, the radius of the outer shell can be considered to be infinite.
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Newton's law of gravitation describes the gravitational force between any two point masses. However, for extended spherical objects like the Earth, the Moon, and other planets, the law holds with an assumption that masses of spherical objects are concentrated at their respective centers.
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A charge distribution has spherical symmetry if the density of charge depends only on the distance from a point in space and not on the direction. In other words, if the system is rotated, it doesn't look different. For instance, if a sphere of radius R is uniformly charged with charge density ρ0, then the distribution has spherical symmetry. On the other hand, if a sphere of radius R is charged so that the top half of the sphere has a uniform charge density ρ1 and the bottom half has a...
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Biomolecular Detection employing the Interferometric Reflectance Imaging Sensor IRIS
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Spherical microcavity-based membrane-free Fizeau interferometric acoustic sensor.

Chunyang Han, Chenyu Zhao, Hui Ding

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    This study introduces a novel optical acoustic sensor using a spherical microcavity fiber Fizeau interferometer. This membrane-free sensor effectively detects acoustic waves across the audible spectrum by leveraging the elasto-optic effect.

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    Area of Science:

    • Photonics and Sensing Technologies
    • Acoustic Wave Measurement
    • Optical Interferometry

    Background:

    • Acoustic wave monitoring is crucial for applications like photoacoustic imaging and non-destructive testing.
    • Traditional optical acoustic sensors often rely on mechanical components, limiting their performance.
    • Existing sensors are susceptible to electromagnetic interference and mechanical property variations.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop a novel optical acoustic sensing concept.
    • To overcome limitations of existing mechanical-based optical sensors.
    • To demonstrate a membrane-free acoustic sensor with enhanced sensitivity.

    Main Methods:

    • Fabrication of a Fizeau interferometer by integrating a single-mode fiber into a spherical microcavity.
    • Utilizing the elasto-optic effect, where sound pressure alters the microcavity's refractive index.
    • Observing changes in the interferometric spectrum corresponding to acoustic pressure variations.

    Main Results:

    • Successful detection of acoustic waves from 20 Hz to 20 kHz.
    • Demonstrated that sensitivity can be tuned by adjusting the microcavity length.
    • The sensor operates without a membrane, avoiding size-related sensitivity limitations.

    Conclusions:

    • The spherical microcavity fiber Fizeau interferometer offers a promising new approach for acoustic wave sensing.
    • The membrane-free design and tunable sensitivity present significant advantages over conventional transducers.
    • This technology provides a viable alternative for various acoustic measurement applications.