P120 and E-cadherin: Double-edged swords in tumor metastasis

Cell-cell adhesion by adherens junctions controls proliferation and cell polarization and is crucial to maintain epithelial architecture and homeostasis. Downregulation of two of the main components of adherens junctions, E-cadherin and p120, is an often recurring hallmark of carcinomas, causing loss of polarity and increased proliferation, survival and invasion of epithelial cells. On the other hand, tumor-promoting effects of both E-cadherin and p120 have been reported, substantiated by sustained, or even elevated expression of these molecules in many cancers. In this review, we will discuss how expression regulation by EMT, E-cadherin cleavage or p120 isoform expression can contribute to either tumor-supressing or tumor-promoting processes. Furthermore, we will focus on the contradictory functions of E-cadherin and p120 in the different phases of tumor progression, from carcinoma in situ up to the formation of distant metastasis. Finally, we will discuss the possibilities and challenges when using either protein as a biomarker.