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Related Concept Videos

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Social Exchange Theory

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We have discussed why we form relationships, what attracts us to others, and different types of love. But what determines whether we are satisfied with and stay in a relationship? One theory that provides an explanation is social exchange theory. According to social exchange theory, we act as naïve economists in keeping a tally of the ratio of costs and benefits of forming and maintaining a relationship with others (Rusbult & Van Lange, 2003).
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As formulated by John Thibaut and Harold Kelley, Social Exchange Theory explains human relationships as economic-like exchanges that maximize rewards and minimize costs. This theory suggests that individuals engage in relationships to gain benefits and reduce burdens, similar to economic transactions. It has been widely applied to various types of relationships, including romantic, professional, and social interactions.Rewards and Costs in RelationshipsRelationship rewards include emotional...
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Gas exchange, the intake of molecular oxygen (O2) from the environment and the outflow of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the environment, is necessary for cellular function. Gas exchange during respiration occurs largely via the movement of gas molecules along pressure gradients. Gas travels from areas of higher partial pressure to areas of lower partial pressure. In mammals, gas exchange occurs in the alveoli of the lungs, which are adjacent to capillaries and share a membrane with them.
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The cardiovascular system's chief role is to disseminate gases, nutrients, waste, and other substances to the body's cells. Small molecules like gases, lipids, and lipid-soluble substances directly diffuse through capillary wall endothelial cell membranes. Glucose, amino acids, and ions, including sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride, use transporters for facilitated diffusion via membrane-specific channels. Glucose, ions, and bigger molecules may also pass through intercellular...
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Scientists typically make repeated measurements of a quantity to ensure the quality of their findings and to evaluate both the precision and the accuracy of their results. Measurements are said to be precise if they yield very similar results when repeated in the same manner. A measurement is considered accurate if it yields a result that is very close to the true or the accepted value. Precise values agree with each other; accurate values agree with a true value. 
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Probing Surface Electrochemical Activity of Nanomaterials using a Hybrid Atomic Force Microscope-Scanning Electrochemical Microscope AFM-SECM
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A high-precision eight-AFM probe rotary exchange module.

Bin Lin1, Liang Jiang1, Yushan Chen1

  • 1Tribology Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Traction Power, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China.

The Review of Scientific Instruments
|August 3, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new atomic force microscope (AFM) module enables simultaneous installation and in situ rotary exchange of eight AFM probes with 3 μrad precision. This innovation facilitates continuous measurements without external contamination, advancing nanotribology studies.

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Area of Science:

  • Nanotechnology
  • Materials Science
  • Surface Science

Background:

  • Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) is crucial for nanoscale surface analysis.
  • In situ probe exchange in AFM is challenging, often requiring chamber venting and introducing contaminants.
  • Continuous, multi-environment AFM measurements are limited by current probe exchange methods.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a high-precision rotary exchange module for AFM probes.
  • To enable simultaneous installation and in situ exchange of multiple AFM probes within the AFM chamber.
  • To facilitate uninterrupted, contaminant-free measurements in diverse environments for nanotribology research.

Main Methods:

  • Design and implementation of a novel rotary exchange module for AFM.
  • Integration of program control for precise in situ probe manipulation (3 μrad precision).
  • Experimental validation using surface topography scanning and nanotribology wear tests.

Main Results:

  • Successful development of an eight-probe capacity rotary exchange module.
  • Demonstrated high-precision in situ probe exchange (3 μrad) under program control.
  • Validated module reliability and functionality through surface analysis and wear testing.

Conclusions:

  • The developed AFM probes rotary exchange module significantly enhances experimental efficiency and data integrity.
  • It allows for continuous, multi-environment measurements without compromising the internal chamber environment.
  • The module is a valuable tool for advancing research in nanotribology and surface science.