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Variation in /u/ fronting in the American Midwest.

Cynthia G Clopper1, Rachel Steindel Burdin2, Rory Turnbull3

  • 1Department of Linguistics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.

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Summary

Social indexing of background is greater in phonetic reduction contexts. This study examined /u/ fronting in the American Midwest, finding speaking style impacts social indexing more than word properties.

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Area of Science:

  • Linguistics
  • Sociophonetics
  • Phonetics

Background:

  • Previous studies link social indexing to phonetic reduction.
  • Social indexing involves gender, race, and regional background.
  • Linguistic contexts can promote phonetic reduction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To test if social indexing is greater in phonetic reduction contexts.
  • To examine the American Midwest /u/ fronting sound change.
  • To analyze the influence of lexical frequency, phonological neighborhood density, discourse mention, and speaking style on /u/ fronting.

Main Methods:

  • Examined the ongoing /u/ fronting sound change.
  • Analyzed four linguistic factors: lexical frequency, phonological neighborhood density, discourse mention, and speaking style.
  • Compared /u/ fronting in plain vs. clear laboratory speech.
  • Compared /u/ fronting in low-frequency, low-density words vs. low-frequency, high-density words.

Main Results:

  • Minimal effects of linguistic factors on /u/ fronting for advanced talkers, suggesting completion of the sound change.
  • More /u/ fronting in plain speech than clear speech for less advanced talkers.
  • More /u/ fronting in low-frequency, low-density words than low-frequency, high-density words for less advanced talkers.
  • Effects align with the hypothesis that social indexing is greater in reduction-promoting contexts.

Conclusions:

  • The /u/ fronting sound change is nearing completion for some American Midwesterners.
  • Speaking style influences social indexing more than lexical properties like frequency and density.
  • Phonetic reduction contexts may enhance social indexing of background characteristics.