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Related Concept Videos

The Pineal Gland01:02

The Pineal Gland

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The pineal gland, a diminutive endocrine structure named for its pinecone-shaped appearance, is situated atop the third ventricle within the diencephalon region of the forebrain. This gland, composed of secretory cells known as pinealocytes arranged in compact cords and clusters around dense particles of calcium salts, plays a pivotal role in hormonal regulation.
The primary secretion of the pineal gland is the hormone melatonin, derived from serotonin. The concentration of melatonin in the...
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Structural Protein Function01:56

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Structural proteins are a category of proteins responsible for functions ranging from cell shape and movement to providing support to major structures such as bones, cartilage, hair, and muscles. This group includes proteins such as collagen, actin, myosin, and keratin.
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Accessory Structures of the Skin: Sebaceous Glands01:21

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A sebaceous gland is a type of oil gland found almost all over the skin ( except palms and soles) and helps lubricate and waterproof the skin and hair. Most sebaceous glands are associated with hair follicles. They generate and excrete sebum, a mixture of lipids, onto the skin surface, thereby naturally lubricating the dry and dead layer of keratinized cells of the stratum corneum, keeping it pliable.
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Accessory Structures of the Skin: Sweat Glands01:20

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Sweat glands or sudoriferous glands are one of the important accessory structures of the skin. They are small, coiled tubular structures located in the dermis, the middle layer of the skin. Sweat glands are responsible for producing and secreting sweat, a watery fluid that helps regulate body temperature and excrete waste products.
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Fruit Development, Structure, and Function01:58

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Fruits form from a mature flower ovary. As seeds develop from the ovules contained within, the ovary wall undergoes a series of complex changes to form fruit. In some fruits, such as soybeans, the ovary wall dries; in other fruits, such as grapes, it remains fleshy. In some cases, organs other than the ovary contribute to fruit formation; such fruits are called accessory fruits.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 21, 2026

3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache
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Current understanding of pineal gland structure and function in headache.

Mario Fp Peres1,2, Marcelo M Valença3, Fernanda G Amaral4

  • 1Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paolo, Brazil.

Cephalalgia : an International Journal of Headache
|August 3, 2019
PubMed
Summary

The pineal gland and melatonin are crucial in headache disorders. Melatonin, a pineal hormone, effectively treats migraines and cluster headaches by regulating trigeminal activation.

Keywords:
Pineal glandheadache disordersmelatonin

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Endocrinology
  • Chronobiology

Background:

  • The pineal gland influences biological rhythms, vital in headache disorders.
  • Melatonin, the primary pineal hormone, is implicated in various headache syndromes, with altered secretion noted.
  • Experimental evidence suggests the pineal gland and melatonin modulate trigeminal activation in headache models.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the role of the pineal gland in biological rhythms and its connection to headache disorders.
  • To review the involvement of melatonin in primary and secondary headache disorders.
  • To assess the therapeutic potential of melatonin for headache treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on the pineal gland, melatonin, and headache pathophysiology.
  • Analysis of experimental data from animal models of headache.
  • Examination of clinical trial data on melatonin as a headache treatment.

Main Results:

  • Melatonin has demonstrated efficacy in treating migraine, cluster headaches, and other headache types.
  • The pineal gland is a relevant brain structure in headache pathophysiology.
  • Melatonin regulates calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and its release, a key factor in headaches.

Conclusions:

  • Melatonin is a viable treatment option for primary headache disorders.
  • The pineal gland's role in biological rhythms underscores its importance in headache mechanisms.
  • Further research into melatonin's therapeutic applications in headache management is warranted.